Test Bank For Essentials of Genetics, 10th Edition

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1
Essentials of Genetics, 10e (Klug)
Chapter 1 Introduction to Genetics
1) The CRISPR-Cas system potentially represents one of the most power techniques in genetics
as a result of its role in ________ associated with specific human disorders.
A) identifying genes
B) editing genes
C) producing new genes
D) regulating genes
E) transmitting genes
Answer: B
Section: Introduction
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
2) In the 1600s, William Harvey studied reproduction and development. What is the term given
to his theory which states that an organism develops from the fertilized egg by a succession of
developmental events that lead to an adult?
A) preformation
B) spontaneous generation
C) cell theory
D) transduction
E) epigenesis
Answer: E
Section: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
3) What is the term given to the theory which states that the gamete contains a complete
miniature adult?
A) preformation
B) transduction
C) transformation
D) conjugation
E) cell theory
Answer: A
Section: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
4) What is the term given to the theory which put forth the idea that living organisms could arise
by incubating nonliving components?
A) spontaneous generation
B) natural selection
C) evolution
D) preformation
E) collective combination
Answer: A
Section: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

2
5) Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory which states that ________.
A) cells contain genetic information in their nucleus
B) cells move from the various parts of the body to the reproductive organs to produce offspring
C) cells are derived from preexisting cells
D) cells propagate via asexual reproduction
E) cells represent the basic units of heredity
Answer: C
Section: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
6) Who, along with Alfred Wallace, formulated the theory of natural selection?
A) Gregor Mendel
B) William Harvey
C) Louis Pasteur
D) Charles Darwin
E) James Watson
Answer: D
Section: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
7) Which of the following is an example of natural selection?
A) a bird's beak is able to effectively crack the seeds it encounters
B) dog breeding by humans
C) depending on the food a turtle eats, its shell may grow faster or slower
D) sometime during human's life they break a bone
E) bacteria can be effectively killed by treatment with bleach
Answer: A
Section: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
8) Which of the following botanists was not involved with bringing Mendel's work to light in the
1900s?
A) Carl Correns
B) Carl Linnaeus
C) Hugo de Vries
D) Erich Tschermak
Answer: A
Section: 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

3
9) Who was the Augustinian monk that conducted a decade of experiments on the garden pea,
eventually showing that traits are passed from parents to offspring in predictable ways?
A) Francis Crick
B) Alfred Wallace
C) Hippocrates
D) Aristotle
E) Gregor Mendel
Answer: E
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
10) In many species, there are two representatives of each chromosome. In such species, the
characteristic number of chromosomes is called the ________ number. It is usually symbolized
as ________.
A) haploid; n
B) haploid; 2n
C) diploid; 2n
D) diploid; n
E) polyploid; n
Answer: C
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
11) Genetics is defined as the branch of biology associated with ________.
A) heredity and variation
B) mutation and recession
C) transcription and translation
D) diploid and haploid
E) replication and recombination
Answer: A
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
12) Early in the twentieth century, Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri noted that the behavior of
chromosomes during meiosis is identical to the behavior of genes during gamete formation. They
proposed that genes are carried on chromosomes, which led to the basis ________.
A) of the germ-plasm theory
B) of the chromosome theory of inheritance
C) of the law of independent assortment
D) for the determination of DNA as genetic material
E) of predicting patterns of inheritance
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

4
13) What is a simple definition of an allele?
Answer: An allele is an alternative form of a gene.
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
14) The observable feature of an organism is referred to as a ________.
A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) prototype
D) karyotype
E) bryophyte
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
15) Until the mid-1940s, many scientists considered proteins to be the likely candidates for the
genetic material. Which of the following characteristics led scientists to believe DNA was NOT
the genetic material?
A) DNA is more stable than protein.
B) DNA is less abundant than protein.
C) DNA has less variation than protein.
D) Protein can fold into may shapes.
E) DNA is less abundant than protein and DNA has less variation than protein.
Answer: E
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
16) Which of the following is an example of heredity?
A) A man has low blood pressure due to medications.
B) Both moths and birds have wings and can fly.
C) Dalmation dogs all have spots.
D) Whales and fish both swim.
E) Flies and molluscs both have eyes.
Answer: C
Section: 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
17) Which is not a component of DNA?
A) mRNA
B) deoxyribose sugar
C) nitrogenous base
D) phosphate
Answer: A
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

5
18) Distinguish the functions of DNA and RNA in a eukaryote.
Answer: DNA is responsible for the storage and replication of genetic information; RNA is
involved in the expression of stored genetic information.
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
19) Genetic information contained in DNA that encodes for an amino acid is referred to as a(n)
________.
A) allele
B) trait
C) nucleotide
D) codon
E) genotype
Answer: D
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
20) Which of the following processes describes the formation of a complementary RNA
molecule?
A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) mutation
E) mosaicism
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
21) Reference is often made to adapter molecules when describing protein synthesis in that they
allow amino acids to associate with nucleic acids. To what class of molecules does this term
refer?
A) DNA
B) protein
C) mRNA
D) amino acids
E) tRNA
Answer: E
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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22) If a scientist changed a cell's ionic composition and complementarity between DNA strands
could no longer occur, what would the scientist first detect?
A) DNA becomes single stranded
B) DNA strands become shorter
C) RNA would start binding to DNA
D) ribosomes would move into the nucleus
E) cell membranes would become less permeable
Answer: A
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
23) Sickle-cell anemia, which is associated with blockage of blood flow in capillaries and small
blood vessels, causing severe pain and damage to the heart, brain, muscles, and kidneys is the
result of ________.
A) a large chromosome deletion
B) a small chromosome deletion
C) a change in a single nucleotide
D) an environmental pathogen
E) a hormonal variation
Answer: C
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
24) Which of the following contains all the others?
A) double helix
B) nucleotide
C) hydrogen bond
D) DNA strand
E) sugar
Answer: A
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
25) Once a protein is made, its biochemical or structural properties play a role in producing
________.
A) genotype
B) phenotype
C) mutant
D) chromosome
E) DNA
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

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26) A primary discovery to generate recombinant DNA molecules was the use of ________.
A) spliceosomes
B) restriction enzymes
C) microscopes
D) bioinformatics
E) x-ray diffraction
Answer: B
Section: 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
27) A ________ is an organism produced by biotechnology that involves the transfer of
hereditary traits across species.
A) transgenic organism
B) mutant
C) clone
D) vector
E) frankenfood
Answer: A
Section: 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
28) The study of the structure, function, and evolution of genes and genomes is referred to as
________.
A) genomics
B) proteomics
C) bioinformatics
D) genetics
E) cell theory
Answer: A
Section: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
29) ________ is a discipline involved in the development of both hardware and software for
processing, storing, and retrieving nucleotide and protein data.
A) Bioinformatics
B) Genomics
C) Recombinant DNA technology
D) Cloning
E) Proteomics
Answer: A
Section: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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30) There are various technologies to knock out genes in organisms, what is the primary
rationale for performing these experiments?
Answer: To determine the function of the gene based on changes in phenotype
Section: 1.6
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
31) Organisms that are well understood from a scientific standpoint and are often used in basic
biological research are often called ________.
A) clones
B) vectors
C) recombinant DNA technology
D) model organisms
E) restriction enzymes
Answer: D
Section: 1.7
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
32) The most accurate depiction of the chronological order of genetic discoveries would be
________.
A) chromosome theory of inheritance, Mendelian genetics, recombinant DNA technology,
determination of DNA structure
B) determination of DNA structure, chromosome theory of inheritance, Mendelian genetics,
recombinant DNA technology
C) Mendelian genetics, chromosome theory of inheritance, determination of DNA structure,
recombinant DNA technology
D) Mendelian genetics, determination of DNA structure, chromosome theory of inheritance,
recombinant DNA technology
Answer: C
Section: 1.8
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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1
Essentials of Genetics, 10e (Klug)
Special Topics 1 Epigenetics
1) ________ is the study of phenomena and mechanisms that cause chromosome-associated
heritable changes to gene expression that are not dependent on changes in DNA sequence.
A) Population genetics
B) Transmission genetics
C) Epigenetics
D) Mutagenesis
E) Preformation
Answer: C
Section: ST 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
2) Which nitrogenous bases are most likely to be methylated?
A) cytosines adjacent to guanines
B) cytosines adjacent to other cytosines
C) guanines adjacent to cytosines
D) guanines adjacent to other guanines
E) cytosines base paired to guanines
Answer: A
Section: ST 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
3) In terms of epigenetics, which statement best describes the promoter for a gene that is not
expressed in lung tissue but is expressed in heart tissue?
A) In lung cells, the guanines in the promoter would be hypomethylated, but would be
hypermethylated in heart cells.
B) In lung cells, the guanines in the promoter would be hypermethylated, and would be
hypomethylated in heart cells.
C) In lung cells, the cytosines of the promoter would be hypomethylated, and would be
hypermethylated in heart cells.
D) In lung cells, the cytosines of the promoter would be hypermethylated, and would be
hypomethylated in heart cells.
E) The promoters should appear the same in both types of cells, but the mRNA produced would
be hypermethylated more in lung cells compared to heart cells.
Answer: D
Section: ST 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

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4) Which carbon atom is methylated on cytosine?
A) 2'
B) 4'
C) 5'
D) 6'
Answer: C
Section: ST 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
5) The sum of histone modifications and their interactions is called the ________.
A) genetic code
B) histone code
C) protein code
D) expression code
E) transcription code
Answer: B
Section: ST 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
6) Which of the following genes is known to cause instability in repetitive microsatellite
sequences when hypermethylated?
A) BRCA1
B) CDKN2A
C) MLH1
D) IGF2
E) H19
Answer: C
Section: ST 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
7) Which statement about X inactivation is false?
A) X inactivation was the first example of epigenetic allele-specific regulation to be identified.
B) All embryonic cells randomly inactivate paternal X chromosomes during early development.
C) Xist is a sense lncRNA expressed on the inactivated X chromosome.
D) Tsix is an antisense lncRNA expressed on the active X chromosome.
E) Xist and Tsix are transcripts of the same gene that are transcribed in opposite directions.
Answer: B
Section: ST 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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3
8) A particular small noncoding RNA that is linked to spermatogenesis is most likely classified
as what kind of noncoding RNA?
A) microRNAs
B) short interfering RNAs
C) antisense lncRNAs
D) piwi-interacting RNAs
E) bidirectional lncRNAs
Answer: D
Section: ST 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
9) Which of the following mechanisms is an example of genomic imprinting in humans?
A) The maternal and paternal alleles of a gene pair are both expressed.
B) One of the two X chromosomes in females is randomly expressed and the other is repressed.
C) A random pattern of autosomal allele inactivation is observed.
D) Human males have only one Y chromosome and one X chromosome.
E) In some allele pairs, only the paternal allele is expressed, and in others, only the maternal
allele is expressed.
Answer: E
Section: ST 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
10) Which of the following genotypes would most likely lead to a low birth weight?
A) Igf2+/Igf2+ where neither maternal nor paternal allele is mutated.
B) Igf2+/Igf2- where the mutated Igf2- allele is maternal.
C) Igf2+/Igf2- where the mutated Igf2- allele is paternal.
D) Igf2+/Igf2- where the mutated Igf2- allele is either maternal or paternal.
E) Igf2+/Igf2- but only in female progeny as the Igf2 gene is on the X chromosome.
Answer: C
Section: ST 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
11) What DNA regions regulate the expression of a cluster of genes through methylation?
A) promoters
B) insulators
C) epimutations
D) imprinting control regions
E) enhancers
Answer: D
Section: ST 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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12) How would you interpret the histone code, H2K4me3? This code represents a ________.
A) trimethylated lysine at position 2 from the N-terminus of histone H4
B) dimethylated lysine at position 4 from the N-terminus of histone H3
C) trimethylated lysine at position 4 from the N-terminus of histone H2
D) dimethylated lysine at position 3 from the N-terminus of histone H3
E) trimethylated lysine at position 3 from the N-terminus of histone H4
Answer: C
Section: ST 1.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
13) Which of the following statements best characterizes mice pups that experienced low levels
of maternal nurturing?
A) As adults they have high levels of glucocorticoid receptor expression.
B) As adults they have increased ability to adapt to stress.
C) As adults they have increased promoter methylation.
D) As adults they are more likely to nurture their offspring.
E) As adults their brains are heavily mutated.
Answer: C
Section: ST 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
14) Consider the genes IGF2 and H19 and the imprinting control region (ICR) between them. If
the paternal ICR region was mutated in such a way that it could not be methylated but the
maternal ICR was not mutated, how would that effect growth? In your explanation describe the
expression of IGF2 and H19 from both the maternal and paternal alleles.
Answer: There would be reduced growth. The maternal copy of ICR is usually not methylated
and so would remain unmethylated allowing for the expression of the maternal H19. Expressed
H19 produces a noncoding RNA that suppresses IGF2. Typically, the paternal copy of ICR is
hypermethylated so that H19 is not expressed and thus IGF2 can be expressed. In this mutant,
the ICR is unable to be methylated and thus H19 will be expressed and then the resulting
noncoding RNA will repress the IGF2. This would result in the repression of both maternal and
paternal copies of IGF2 and will result in slower growth.
Section: ST 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
15) Explain the roles of Xist and Tsix during X inactivation in females.
Answer: Both Xist and Tsix are long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA). Xist is expressed on the
inactivated X-chromosomes. The Xist lncRNA will repress the genes on the inactivated X-
chromosomes. Tsix is expressed on the active X chromosomes. When Tsix is expressed, its
lncRNA will repress Xist expression, thus preventing the active X chromosome from being
silenced.
Section: ST 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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16) Explain why artificial reproductive technologies (ART) such as in vitro fertilization are
associated with an increased risk of epimutations.
Answer: There is an increase in imprinting errors, and maternal specific methylation is reduced
when using ART. ART is conducted when epigenetic reprogramming is occurring and may
interfere with that reprogramming. Some examples are an increase in Beckwith–Wiedemann
syndrome, Angelman syndrome, and Prader-Willi syndrome.
Section: ST 1.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
17) Explain why selected regions of the genome are hypermethylated in cancer cells even though
genomes of cancer cells are typically characterized by global hypomethylation.
Answer: Hypermethylation of promoters that regulate tumor-suppressor genes can lead to
reduced expression of proteins involved in DNA repair. Loss of DNA repair mechanisms can
lead to loss of cell cycle control and cancer. Hypermethylation of these genes is known to reduce
their expression.
Section: ST 1.3
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
18) Based on rat studies that show how maternal nurturing helps offspring respond better to
stress, propose a model to help explain why human children who are abused have a higher
suicide rate.
Answer: From rat studies, it could be proposed that human children that are abused will have
decreased histone acetylation and increased DNA methylation associated with the genes for
glucocorticoid receptors. These receptors in the hypothalamic region of the brain are important in
mediating stress.
Section: ST 1.4
Bloom's Taxonomy: Evaluating/Creating
19) What are the two main goals of the NIH Roadmap Epigenomics Project?
Answer: The goals are to (1) provide a set of at least 1000 reference epigenomes in a range of
cell types from healthy and diseased individuals and (2) delineate the epigenetic differences in
healthy and diseased states.
Section: ST 1.5
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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1
Essentials of Genetics, 10e (Klug)
Chapter 2 Mitosis and Meiosis
1) Living organisms are categorized into two major groups based on the presence or absence of a
nucleus. What group is defined by the presence of a nucleus?
A) eukaryotic organism
B) virus
C) eubacterium
D) archaea
E) bacteriophage
Answer: A
Section: 2.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
2) What is the name of the membranous structure that compartmentalizes the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic organisms?
A) ribosome
B) mitochondria
C) cytosol
D) endoplasmic reticulum
E) nucleoid
Answer: D
Section: 2.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
3) Organized by the centrioles, what structures are important in the movement of chromosomes
during cell division?
A) mitochondria
B) chloroplasts
C) cell walls
D) spindle fibers
E) centromeres
Answer: D
Section: 2.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
4) Which of the following is not a true statement about mitochondria?
A) the mitochondrial genome is contained in the nucleus
B) the mitochondria duplicate themselves
C) the mitochondria transcribe and translate their own genetic information
D) mitochondria are found in plants and animals
E) mitochondria are sites for cellular respiration
Answer: A
Section: 2.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing

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2
5) The nucleolus organizer region (NOR) is responsible for production of what type of cell
structure?
A) nucleolus
B) ribosome
C) chromatids
D) mitochondria
E) endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B
Section: 2.1
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
6) Which of the following terms defines a chromosome in which the centromere is near one end,
but not at the end of a chromosome?
A) acentric
B) submetacentric
C) metacentric
D) acrocentric
E) telocentric
Answer: D
Section: 2.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding
7) The diploid chromosome number of an organism is usually represented as 2n. Humans have a
diploid chromosome number of 46. What would be the expected haploid chromosome number in
a human?
A) 92
B) 16
C) 12
D) 24
E) 23
Answer: E
Section: 2.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Applying/Analyzing
8) Which of the following is incorrect?
A) a locus is a gene site on a chromosome
B) an allele is an alternate form of the same gene
C) sex chromosomes are not strictly homologous
D) homologous chromosomes contain identical genetic information
E) a karyotype is generated from a metaphase spread
Answer: D
Section: 2.2
Bloom's Taxonomy: Remembering/Understanding

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