Test Bank for Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach, 3rd Edition

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1
Genetic Analysis: An Integrated Approach, 3e (Sanders)
Chapter 1 The Molecular Basis of Heredity, Variation, and Evolution
1.1 Multiple-Choice Questions
1) Sexual reproduction uses ________ to generate ________ gametes, which join at fertilization.
A) meiosis; haploid
B) mitosis; haploid
C) meiosis; diploid
D) mitosis; diploid
E) mitosis; identical
Answer: A
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
2) When a diploid cell divides by mitosis, the result is ________.
A) identical haploid cells
B) identical diploid cells
C) unique diploid cells
D) unique haploid cells
E) a zygote
Answer: B
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
3) Modern genetics consists of three major branches. Which of these branches, also known as
"transmission genetics," involves the study of the transmission of traits and characteristics in
successive generations?
A) evolutionary
B) Mendelian
C) molecular
D) population
E) reproductive
Answer: B
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
4) You identify a new unicellular organism with multiple chromosomes organized by proteins
within the cell's nucleus. Into which of the three domains of life might this organism fit?
A) Archaea
B) Bacteria
C) Eukarya
D) Archaea or Bacteria
E) Archaea or Eukarya
Answer: C
Section: 1.1
Skill: Applying/Analyzing

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5) Watson and Crick used evidence from several studies to determine the structure of DNA.
What conclusion were they able to draw from Rosalind Franklin's X-ray diffraction data,
specifically?
A) DNA consists of four types of nucleotide bases: A, T, C, and G.
B) DNA nucleotides form complementary base pairs.
C) Adenine pairs with thymine and cytosine pairs with guanine when they are on opposite DNA
strands.
D) DNA is a duplex, with two strands forming a double helix.
E) The DNA strands are antiparallel, and the strands are held together by hydrogen bonds.
Answer: D
Section: 1.2
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.2
6) What kind of bond is formed between the 5′ phosphate group of one nucleotide and the 3′
hydroxyl (OH) group of the adjacent nucleotide?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disulfide bond
E) hydroxyl bond
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.2
7) What kind of bond is formed between complementary base pairs to join the two DNA strands
into a double helix?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disulfide bond
E) peptide bond
Answer: C
Section: 1.2
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.2

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8) Identify which of the following includes three possible components of a RNA nucleotide?
A) deoxyribose, guanine, phosphate group
B) deoxyribose, uracil, phosphate group
C) ribose, thymine, phosphate group
D) deoxyribose, cytosine, phosphate group
E) ribose, adenine, phosphate group
Answer: E
Section: 1.2
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.2
9) What chemical group appears on the 5' carbon of a DNA nucleotide?
A) carboxyl group
B) phosphate group
C) amino group
D) hydroxyl group
E) nitrogenous base
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.2
10) If a eukaryotic chromosome was composed of 20% adenine, how much cytosine should
theoretically be present in that same chromosome?
A) 30%
B) 20%
C) 60%
D) 40%
E) 10%
Answer: A
Section: 1.2
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: G4, S1.2

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11) Use the data in the following table to determine which nucleic acid sample can be ALL of
the following 4 types: double-stranded DNA, single-stranded DNA, double-stranded RNA, or
single-stranded RNA.
Nucleic Acid Sample Data
Sample 1 25% of the bases are thymine
Sample 2 35% of the bases are adenine
Sample 3 25% of the bases are uracil
Sample 4 55% of the bases are cytosine
Sample 5 50% of the five-carbon sugars are
deoxyribose
A) Sample 1
B) Sample 2
C) Sample 3
D) Sample 4
E) Sample 5
Answer: B
Section: 1.2
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: G1, S1.2
12) What is the sequence and polarity of the DNA strand complementary to the strand
5' AAATGTCCATGC 3'?
A) 5' TTTACAGGTACG 3'
B) 3' AAATGTCCATGC 5'
C) 3' TTTACAGGTACG 5'
D) 5' UUUACAGGUACG 3'
E) 3' UUUACAGGUACG 5'
Answer: C
Section: 1.2
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: 1.3b
13) Messenger RNA (mRNA) is ________.
A) the major structural material making up ribosomes
B) the molecule that carries the genetic information from DNA and is used as a template for
protein synthesis
C) the major structural component of chromosomes
D) a molecule that incorporates a specific amino acid into the growing protein when it
recognizes a specific group of three bases
E) the monomer of polypeptides
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a

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14) What are the DNA regulatory sequences recognized by RNA polymerase called?
A) anticodons
B) proteomes
C) introns
D) promoters
E) termination sequences
Answer: D
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a
15) What is the process of synthesizing proteins from mRNA sequences?
A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) transformation
E) transduction
Answer: C
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a
16) What is the process of synthesizing single-stranded RNA from template DNA?
A) replication
B) transcription
C) translation
D) transformation
E) transduction
Answer: B
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a
17) What kind of bond is formed between successive amino acids during translation?
A) ionic bond
B) phosphodiester bond
C) hydrogen bond
D) disulfide bond
E) peptide bond
Answer: E
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a

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18) Retroviruses carry their genetic information in the form of RNA, which is subsequently
coded into DNA after the virus enters its host cell. What enzyme does the retrovirus use to
produce this initial DNA?
A) reverse transcriptase
B) RNA polymerase
C) DNA polymerase
D) ribosomes
E) reverse translationase
Answer: A
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a
19) Only sixty-one of the sixty-four codons specify an amino acid. In what process do the other
three codons function?
A) initiation of transcription
B) initiation of translation
C) initiation of replication
D) termination of transcription
E) termination of translation
Answer: E
Section: 1.3
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: S1.3a
20) The movement of DNA or RNA in gel electrophoresis is often a matter of molecular weight
alone. Which of the following molecular parameters usually influence the movement of protein?
A) only weight
B) only charge
C) only shape
D) only weight and shape
E) weight, charge, or shape
Answer: E
Section: 1.4
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.4a

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21) Which of the following statements is NOT consistent with the DNA fragments shown in the
gel?
A) Band 1 has a lower electrophoretic mobility than Band 2
B) Band 1 has a lower molecular mass than Band 2
C) Band 1 is closer to the origin of migration than Band 2
D) Band 1 must have a negative charge
E) Band 1 must have been stained or hybridized by a molecular probe
Answer: B
Section: 1.4
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: G3, S1.4a
22) Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease (SCD) results from inheritance of a variant
form of β-globin protein (βS), rather than the wild-type β-globin protein (βA). Which of the
following did Linus Pauling find following gel electrophoresis of hemoglobin protein from
individuals with the following three genotypes: βAβA, βAβS, or βSβS?
A) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the heterozygote (βAβS) individual had two protein
bands with differing electrophoretic mobility
B) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (βAβA) individual had two protein
bands with differing electrophoretic mobility
C) the lane containing the hemoglobin from the homozygous (βSβS) individual with SCD had
two protein bands
D) all three lanes had the same two protein bands with the same electrophoretic mobility
E) all three lanes had just one protein band with the same electrophoretic mobility
Answer: A
Section: 1.4
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: G2, S1.4b

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23) Hereditary anemia known as sickle cell disease (SCD) results from inheritance of a variant
form of β-globin protein (βS), rather than the wild-type β-globin protein (βA). The βS protein
does not migrate as far as the βA protein. Which of following does NOT explain why the gel
electrophoresis lane containing the hemoglobin protein from the heterozygous (βAβS) individual
has two protein bands?
A) The band closer to the origin of migration contained βS protein and the band farther from the
origin of migration contained βA protein.
B) The βA protein has a higher electrophoretic mobility.
C) The βS protein has a lower electrophoretic mobility.
D) The protein bands migrated different distances based solely on differences in molecular
weight.
E) The different electrophoretic mobility of the two proteins was a result of differences in their
molecular weight, charge, and/ or shape.
Answer: D
Section: 1.4
Skill: Evaluating/Creating
LO: G3, S1.4b
24) You have digested a molecule of DNA and want to identify a specific fragment of interest.
The DNA is subjected to gel electrophoresis, but you get two bands that are very close in size.
What could you use to determine which band is the correct one?
A) eastern blot
B) western blot
C) northern blot
D) southern blot
E) stain with ethidium bromide
Answer: D
Section: 1.4
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: S1.4d

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25) Which of the follow refers to all the RNA produced by transcription of DNA?
A) proteome
B) transcriptome
C) genome
D) translatome
E) population genetics
Answer: B
Section: 1.4
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.4e
26) Which evolutionary process describes the movement of members of a species from one
population to another?
A) natural selection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) population genetics
Answer: B
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5a
27) Which evolutionary process is most pronounced in small populations where statistical
fluctuations in allele frequencies can be significant from one generation to the next?
A) natural selection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) population genetics
Answer: D
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5a
28) Which evolutionary process involves the slow addition of allelic variation that increases the
hereditary diversity of populations, ultimately leading to evolutionary change?
A) natural selection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) population genetics
Answer: C
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5a

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29) Which evolutionary process relies on the premise that individuals with the best adaptations
are most successful at reproducing and leave more offspring than those with less adaptive forms?
A) natural selection
B) migration
C) mutation
D) random genetic drift
E) population genetics
Answer: A
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5a
30) Which term describes a set of organisms that descended from a single common ancestor and
are more closely related to other members of the group than to organisms outside the group?
A) paraphyletic group
B) phylogeny
C) species
D) monophyletic group
E) parsimony
Answer: D
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5b
31) Morphological or molecular characters shared by members of a clade are called ________.
A) common ancestors
B) paraphyletic groups
C) homoplasmies
D) monophyletic groups
E) synaptomorphies
Answer: E
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5b

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1.2 Short Answer Questions
1) What are the three domains of life?
Answer: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
2) With the assistance of William Bateson, Archibald Garrod produced the first documented
example of a human hereditary disorder that shaped the study of biochemical pathways. Which
disorder were they describing?
Answer: alkaptonuria
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: G5, S1.1a
3) The physical units of heredity composed of defined DNA sequences that collectively control
gene transcription and contain the information to produce RNA molecules or proteins are better
known as what?
Answer: genes
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.1b
4) A complete set of chromosomes is transmitted to produce identical daughter cells in which
cell division process?
Answer: mitosis
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
5) The genotypes of humans are more than 99% similar. What is the term that describes the
alternative forms of genes that contribute to human genetic variation?
Answer: alleles
Section: 1.1
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: S1.1b
6) In eukaryotes, most of the cells' DNA is found in the form of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Which organelles contain their own genomes (descended from ancient endosymbiotic bacteria)?
Answer: mitochondria and chloroplasts
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding

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7) During DNA replication, nascent DNA strands are synthesized in only one direction.
Nucleotides are added only to which end of the nascent strand?
Answer: the 3′ hydroxyl end
Section: 1.2
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.2
8) Messenger RNA codons pair with tRNA anticodons at which cell structure?
Answer: the ribosome
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a
9) Peptidyl transferase and other proteins power the continuous progression of the ribosome
along mRNA and catalyze what type of bond formation in the growing polypeptide chain?
Answer: peptide bonds
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a
10) Before transferring DNA from a gel to the membrane in Southern blotting, the DNA must be
denatured (usually by soaking the gel in NaOH). Why is this step necessary?
Answer: to make the DNA single stranded so that the molecular probe can bind via
complementary base pairing to its target DNA
Section: 1.4
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: S1.4c
11) What process proposed by Wallace and Darwin describes the higher rates of survival and
reproduction of certain forms of a species over alternative forms?
Answer: natural selection
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5a
12) As natural selection increases the frequency of one morphological form over another in the
population, what changes at the genotypic level?
Answer: allele frequency
Section: 1.5
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: G2, S1.5a

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13) What type of diagram would you use to depict morphological or molecular similarities and
differences that identify evolutionary relationships?
Answer: phylogenetic tree
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
14) Both sugar gliders and flying squirrels have evolved characteristics that allow them to glide,
despite being geographically separated. Similar traits that have independent origins arise as a
result of what phenomenon?
Answer: convergent evolution
Section: 1.5
Skill: Applying/Analyzing
LO: S1.5a
15) Phylogenetic trees are constructed based on morphological characteristics, but molecular
phylogenetic trees are constructed based on which feature?
Answer: nucleic or amino acid sequence
Section: 1.5
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.5b
1.3 Fill-in-the-Blank Questions
1) The work of Walter Sutton and Theodor Boveri suggested that the hereditary units, or genes,
described by Mendel are located on ________.
Answer: chromosomes
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.1b
2) Genetic experiments have revealed the relationship between the observable traits of an
organism, or ________, and the genetic constitution of an organism, or ________.
Answer: phenotype; genotype
Section: 1.1
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.1b
3) DNA replication is called ________ because the newly replicated DNA consists of a parental
strand (from the original DNA) and a newly synthesized daughter strand.
Answer: semiconservative
Section: 1.2
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.2

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4) The ________, first proposed by Francis Crick, summarizes the relationships between DNA,
RNA, and protein.
Answer: central dogma of biology
Section: 1.3
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.3a
5) A general labeling compound called ________ attaches to all DNA or RNA in a gel by
binding to the sugar-phosphate backbone, thus allowing researchers to visualize the nucleic acids
when the gel is exposed to UV light.
Answer: ethidium bromide (EtBr)
Section: 1.4
Skill: Remembering/Understanding
LO: S1.4a

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