Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 3

A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 3

Anatomy and Physiology25 CardsCreated about 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts about cell structures and their functions, including organelles, differences between cell types, and processes like cell fractionation.

Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus (5x)

Receives proteins from ER/moves to Golgi Modifies proteins Proceses/packages them into vesicles Vesicle is moved to plasma membrane Fuses with it/excoytosis
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus (5x)
Receives proteins from ER/moves to Golgi Modifies proteins Proceses/packages them into vesicles Vesicle is moved to plasma membrane Fuses with it/exco...
What is the function of a cell wall?
Supports cell and prevents them from changing shape (Cell wall is permeable to allow solutions to pass in and out)
What is a lysosome?
Tiny bag of digestive enzymes, surrounded by a single membrane
What is the function of lysosome?
Can digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell Keeps digestive enzymes away from cytoplasm
Describe the structure of a ribosome
Has no outer membrane Contains 2 sub-units
What is the function of ribosome?
Site of protein synthesis (mRNA used to assemble proteins from amino acids)

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TermDefinition
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus (5x)
Receives proteins from ER/moves to Golgi Modifies proteins Proceses/packages them into vesicles Vesicle is moved to plasma membrane Fuses with it/excoytosis
What is the function of a cell wall?
Supports cell and prevents them from changing shape (Cell wall is permeable to allow solutions to pass in and out)
What is a lysosome?
Tiny bag of digestive enzymes, surrounded by a single membrane
What is the function of lysosome?
Can digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell Keeps digestive enzymes away from cytoplasm
Describe the structure of a ribosome
Has no outer membrane Contains 2 sub-units
What is the function of ribosome?
Site of protein synthesis (mRNA used to assemble proteins from amino acids)
Describe the structure of a cell vacuole
Membrane-bound organelle found in cytoplasm of plant cells Surrounding membrane is called tonoplast
What is the function of a vacuole?
Maintain pressure inside cell & keep them rigid (stops plants wilting) Storage of waste
Name 4 similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Plasma membrane Cytoplasm DNA & RNA Ribosomes
Name 4 structural differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
Prokaryotes have: Smaller ribosomes (70s type) No true nucleus (free, floating circular DNA) No membrane-bound organelles Cell wall made from the glycoprotein murein
Name 4 additional features that prokaryotic cells can have
Flagella Pili Plasmids Capsule
What is a flagellum?
Hair-like structure that rotates to make prokaryotic cells move
What are pili?
Hair like projections that allows bacteria to stick to and communicate with one another
What are plasmids?
Small loops of DNA (contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance)
What are capsules made of?
Secreted slime
What is the function of a capsule?
Protects bacteria from attack by cells of immune system
Viruses are …
Not cells = Acellular
What are viruses essentially?
Just nucleic acids surround by protein = not even alive
What do viruses do?
Invade and reproduce inside the cells of other organisms
Name 3 features of viruses
Contain core of genetic material - either DNA or RNA Have protein coat around core called capsid Have attachment proteins which stick out from edge of the caspid
Why do the viruses have attachment proteins?
They allow them to cling on to a suitable host cell
What is cell fractionation?
Process which cells are broken up and organelles they contain are separated out
Name the 3 stages in cell fractionation
Homogenisation - Breaking Up the Cells Filtration Ultracentrifugation - Separating the Organelles
What happens in stage 1 (homogenisation) of cell fractionation?
Cells broken up by homogeniser (blender) Added to solution
Why do you break up the cells?
To breaks up the plasma membrane and release the organelles