Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 3
A-level Biology - 3.1.2 Cells and Cell Structure Part 3
This deck covers key concepts about cell structures and their functions, including organelles, differences between cell types, and processes like cell fractionation.
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus (5x)
Receives proteins from ER/moves to Golgi Modifies proteins Proceses/packages them into vesicles Vesicle is moved to plasma membrane Fuses with it/excoytosis
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus (5x)
Receives proteins from ER/moves to Golgi Modifies proteins Proceses/packages them into vesicles Vesicle is moved to plasma membrane Fuses with it/exco...
What is the function of a cell wall?
Supports cell and prevents them from changing shape (Cell wall is permeable to allow solutions to pass in and out)
What is a lysosome?
Tiny bag of digestive enzymes, surrounded by a single membrane
What is the function of lysosome?
Can digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell Keeps digestive enzymes away from cytoplasm
Describe the structure of a ribosome
Has no outer membrane Contains 2 sub-units
What is the function of ribosome?
Site of protein synthesis (mRNA used to assemble proteins from amino acids)
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Describe the function of the Golgi apparatus (5x) | Receives proteins from ER/moves to Golgi Modifies proteins Proceses/packages them into vesicles Vesicle is moved to plasma membrane Fuses with it/excoytosis |
What is the function of a cell wall? | Supports cell and prevents them from changing shape (Cell wall is permeable to allow solutions to pass in and out) |
What is a lysosome? | Tiny bag of digestive enzymes, surrounded by a single membrane |
What is the function of lysosome? | Can digest invading cells or break down worn out components of cell Keeps digestive enzymes away from cytoplasm |
Describe the structure of a ribosome | Has no outer membrane Contains 2 sub-units |
What is the function of ribosome? | Site of protein synthesis (mRNA used to assemble proteins from amino acids) |
Describe the structure of a cell vacuole | Membrane-bound organelle found in cytoplasm of plant cells Surrounding membrane is called tonoplast |
What is the function of a vacuole? | Maintain pressure inside cell & keep them rigid (stops plants wilting) Storage of waste |
Name 4 similarities between eukaryotes and prokaryotes | Plasma membrane Cytoplasm DNA & RNA Ribosomes |
Name 4 structural differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes | Prokaryotes have: Smaller ribosomes (70s type) No true nucleus (free, floating circular DNA) No membrane-bound organelles Cell wall made from the glycoprotein murein |
Name 4 additional features that prokaryotic cells can have | Flagella Pili Plasmids Capsule |
What is a flagellum? | Hair-like structure that rotates to make prokaryotic cells move |
What are pili? | Hair like projections that allows bacteria to stick to and communicate with one another |
What are plasmids? | Small loops of DNA (contain genes for things like antibiotic resistance) |
What are capsules made of? | Secreted slime |
What is the function of a capsule? | Protects bacteria from attack by cells of immune system |
Viruses are … | Not cells = Acellular |
What are viruses essentially? | Just nucleic acids surround by protein = not even alive |
What do viruses do? | Invade and reproduce inside the cells of other organisms |
Name 3 features of viruses | Contain core of genetic material - either DNA or RNA Have protein coat around core called capsid Have attachment proteins which stick out from edge of the caspid |
Why do the viruses have attachment proteins? | They allow them to cling on to a suitable host cell |
What is cell fractionation? | Process which cells are broken up and organelles they contain are separated out |
Name the 3 stages in cell fractionation | Homogenisation - Breaking Up the Cells Filtration Ultracentrifugation - Separating the Organelles |
What happens in stage 1 (homogenisation) of cell fractionation? | Cells broken up by homogeniser (blender) Added to solution |
Why do you break up the cells? | To breaks up the plasma membrane and release the organelles |