Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Anatomy & Physiology Lec & Lab : Lecture Exam 1 Part 3
Anatomy & Physiology Lec & Lab : Lecture Exam 1 Part 3
This deck covers key concepts in anatomy and physiology, focusing on cellular structures, functions, and processes such as energy forms, membrane transport, cell cycle phases, and metabolic pathways.
Pericardial Organs
Heart
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Pericardial Organs
Heart
Potential Energy
Energy of Position
Kinetic Energy
Energy of Motion
Forms of Kinetic Energy
Radiant; Thermal; Sound; Electrical; Mechanical
The role of enzymes in the body
A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid. | Work by lowering the amount of energy needed in a chemical reaction
Major Organelles of the body
Plasma Membrane; Nucleus; Nucleolus; Ribosomes; Rough ER; Smooth ER; Golgi Apparatus; Vesicles; Lysosome; Mitochondria; Centrioles; Centrosome; Cytosk...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Pericardial Organs | Heart |
Potential Energy | Energy of Position |
Kinetic Energy | Energy of Motion |
Forms of Kinetic Energy | Radiant; Thermal; Sound; Electrical; Mechanical |
The role of enzymes in the body | A catalyst composed of protein or ribonucleic acid. | Work by lowering the amount of energy needed in a chemical reaction |
Major Organelles of the body | Plasma Membrane; Nucleus; Nucleolus; Ribosomes; Rough ER; Smooth ER; Golgi Apparatus; Vesicles; Lysosome; Mitochondria; Centrioles; Centrosome; Cytoskeleton |
Plasma Membrane | Regulates entrance/exit of molecules |
Nucleus | Storage of genetic info |
Nucleolus | Produces ribosomes |
Ribosomes | Protein synthesis |
Rough ER | Protein synthesis |
Smooth ER | Synthesis of lipid molecules |
Golgi Apparatus | Processes, Packages, and Distributes proteins and lipids |
Vesicles | Stores and Transports substances |
Lysosome | Digests macromolecules and cell parts |
Mitochondria | Cellular respiration, produces energy (ATP) |
Centrioles | Organizes microtubules in cilia and flagella |
Centrosome | Organizes microtubules in a cell |
Cytoskeleton | Maintains cell shape and assists movement of cell parts |
Cell Membrane components | Phospholipids; Cholesterol; Glycolipids; Structural Proteins; Receptor Proteins; Transport Proteins; Glycoproteins |
Phospholipid function | Form a lipid bilayer, hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails. Allows certain molecules to diffuse across membrane |
Cholesterol Function | Helps keep cell membranes from becoming still |
Glycolipids Function | Helps cells recognize other cells of the body |
Structural Proteins Function | Help give support and shape |
Receptor Proteins Function | Helps cells communicate through neurotransmitters and hormones |
Transport Proteins Function | Transport molecules through membranes |
Glycoproteins function | Helps cell communication and molecule transport |
Osmosis | The diffusion of water through semipermeable membranes. | Occurs when there is an abundance of solutes outside vs inside |
Hypotonic | Solution with lower concentration of solutes, water molecules tend to diffuse out of. Causes a cell to swell (eventually burst) |
Hypertonic | Solution that has a higher concentration of solutes, water tends to diffuse into. Causes cell to shrivel |
Isotonic | Same relative solute concentration. No water movement |
Passive Membrane Transport | The movement of substances across the membrane with out the expenditure of energy |
Active Membrane Transport | The movement of substances across the membrane using energy (Usually with help of proteins & against gradient) |
Ion Pumps | Transmittable protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient (through active transport) |
Exocytosis | The process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transport |
Endocytosis | The process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane |
2 general cell cycle phases | Interphase | Mitosis |
Phases of Interphase | G1; S; G2; G0 |
What happens in G1 | Cellular contents are divided (Not the chromosomes yet) |
What happens in S phase | The cell replicates DNA |
What happens in G2 | Double checks duplicated DNA for errors and makes repairs if needed |
What happens in G0 | Resting phase until Mitosis and Cytokineses |
Phases of Mitosis | Prophase; Metaphase; Anaphase; Telophase; Cytokinesis |
What happens in Prophase | Chromosomes condense; Spindles form; Nuclear envelope is not present |
What happens in Metaphase | Chromosomes line up on metaphase plate | Chromatids attach to spindle fibers |
What happens in Anaphase | Chromatids separated and are moving towards the poles attached to spindle fibers |
What happens in Telophase | Chromatids are at opposite poles; The spindle fibers break down; The nuclear envelope is reforming |
Function of DNA in the cell | Genetic Makeup | Long term storage of information |
Process by which glucose is broken down | Glycolysis |
What is Glycolysis | An Anaerobic process that breaks down glucose. The 1st step happens in the cytoplasm, the rest takes place in the mitochondria.; Breakdown of 1 glucose produces 2 ATP |
What is the Citric Acid Cycle | Series of chemical reactions used by aerobic organisms to release stored energy.; Happens in the mitochondria; Produces 1 ATP |
What is the Electron Transport Chain | Series of proteins and organic molecules found in the inner membrane of the mitochondria; Aerobic; Produces 30-32 ATP |