AQA GCSE PE - Section 1 - Anatomy and Physiology
The skeletal system has five main functions. It provides support for the body, protects vital organs, and allows movement by acting as levers for muscles. It also helps with blood cell production in the bone marrow and stores minerals like calcium and phosphorus.
Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system.
(1) Support
(2) Protection
(3) Movement
(4) Blood cell production
(5) Mineral storage
Key Terms
Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system.
(1) Support
(2) Protection
(3) Movement
(4) Blood cell production
(5) Mineral storage
Name the 4 types of bones.
(1) Long bones
(2) Short bones
(3) Irregular bones
(4) Flat bones
Give 2 examples of each type of bone.
FLAT:
Cranium
Sternum
SHORT:
Carpals
Tarsals
LONG:
Femur
Humerus
IRREGULAR:
Pelvis
Name the 8 types of joint movement.
(1) Flexion
(2) Extension
(3) Adduction
(4) Abduction
(5) Rotation
(6) Circumduction
(7) Plantar-flexion
...
Name the types of joint and give an example.
Ball and socket:
Hip
Shoulder
Hinge:
Knee
Ankle
Elbow
Condyloid:
Wrist
Pivot:
Neck
Name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint.
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Name the 5 functions of the skeletal system. | (1) Support (2) Protection (3) Movement (4) Blood cell production (5) Mineral storage |
Name the 4 types of bones. | (1) Long bones (2) Short bones (3) Irregular bones (4) Flat bones |
Give 2 examples of each type of bone. | FLAT: Cranium Sternum SHORT: Carpals Tarsals LONG: Femur Humerus IRREGULAR: Pelvis |
Name the 8 types of joint movement. | (1) Flexion (2) Extension (3) Adduction (4) Abduction (5) Rotation (6) Circumduction (7) Plantar-flexion (8) Dorsi-flexion |
Name the types of joint and give an example. | Ball and socket: Hip Shoulder Hinge: Knee Ankle Elbow Condyloid: Wrist Pivot: Neck |
Name the types of movement that occurs at a ball and socket joint. | Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction |
Name the types of movement that occur at a hinge joint. | Flexion Extension |
Name the types of movement that occur at a condyloid joint | Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Circumduction |
Name the types of movement that occur at a pivot joint. | Rotation |
What to ligaments attach ? | Bone to bone |
What do tendons attach ? | Muscle to bone |
Name the features in a synovial joint. | Ligaments - hold the joint together Cartilage - covers end of bones for friction free surface Synovial membrane - releases synovial fluids to lubricate joint Bursae - fluid filled sacs which reduce friction between bones/tissues |
Name the 2 types of muscle | (1) VOLUNTARY (SKELETAL) attached to the skeleton and are under your control. they help to move the body (2) INVOLUNTARY (SMOOTH) work internal organs without effort from the person e.g. muscles in blood vessels control amount of blood flowing to voluntary muscles. |
Give a sporting example for each type of movement and the muscle involved. | FLEXION: hamstrings at the knee bring foot back before kicking a ball EXTENSION: triceps at the elbow forehand in badminton PLANTAR-FLEXION: gastrocnemius at the ankle standing on the toes in ballet pointe work DORSI-FLEXION: at the ankle heel side turn in snowboarding ROTATION & CIRCUMDUCTION & ADDUCTION: latissimus dorsi at the shoulder butterfly stroke ABDUCTION: gluteals at the hip pushing forward when running |
What are antagonistic muscles ? | Pairs of muscles that work against each other to produce movement. One relaxes (antagonist) and other contracts (agonist) |
Name some antagonistic muscle pairs. | KNEE: flexion - hamstring = agnostic quads = antagonist extension - vice versa ELBOW: flexion - bicep = agonist triceps = antagonist extension - vice versa HIP: flexion - hip flexors = agonist gluteus = antagonist extension - vice versa ANKLE: plantar-flexion - gastrocnemius = agonist tibialis anterior = antagonist dorsi-flexion - vice versa |
Name the 4 types muscle contraction. | (1) Isometric contraction - muscle stays same length (2) Isotonic contraction - muscle changes length (3) Concentric contraction - muscles shortens, pulls on bone to produce movement e.g upward phase of bicep curl. (4) Eccentric contraction - muscle lengthens, gives control of speed e.g. downward phase of bicep curl |
Name the 2 types of muscle fibre. | SLOW TWITCH: Type I - low intensity aerobic work, less fatigue FAST TWITCH: Type IIA - anaerobic work, can be improved through endurance training Type IIX - anaerobic work, greater force, fatigue quickly |
Name the 2 heart circuits. | PULMONARY: right side - lungs - left side SYSTEMIC: left side - body - right side |
What is tidal volume ? | The amount of air you breathe in or out during one breath. It increases during exercise. |
What is vital capacity? | The most air you could possible breathe in after breathing out the largest volume of air you can. |
What is a spirometer ? | Measures the volume of air moving in and out of someone’s lungs. |
What is aerobic exercise and the equation ? | Activity with oxygen Glucose + Oxygen —> CO2 + Water + Energy |
What is anaerobic activity and it’s equation ? | Activity without oxygen Glucose —> lactic acid + energy |
What are the short term effects of exercise in the muscular system ? | release of extra energy generates heat which makes you hot lactic acid causes muscle pain EPOC periods of rest are needed |
What are the short term effects of exercise in the respiratory system ? | pectorals expand the lungs to allow extra air | - muscles in abdomen pull ribcage down so you breathe out faster |
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system ? | heart rate increases stroke volume increases cardiac output increases blood pressure increases = increase |