Behavioral Neuroscience Powerpoint 4.1 Genetics and Evolution of Behavior Part 2
This deck covers key concepts from behavioral neuroscience, focusing on genetics and the evolution of behavior. It includes topics such as sex-limited genes, epigenetics, heritability, and natural selection.
Sex-limited genes are genes that are present in both..? But mainly..?
Key Terms
Epigenetics; A field that is concentrated with changes in gene expression without the modification of the … Sequence
The modification of the DNA sequence
some genes are active only at a certain point in ones life, a certain t...
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Sex-limited genes are genes that are present in both..? But mainly..? | Are genes that are present in both sexes; But mainly have an effect on one sex; - chest hair, breast size; Controlled by other systems, endocrine system, puberty |
Genes change in several ways: Mutation- a heritable change in a…? … Molecule Microduplication/microdeletion-part of a chromosome that might appear one might appear twice or..? | Heritable change in a DNA molecule; Or not at all; Example= some researchers believe schizophrenia might be a result of microduplications and microdeletions of brain relevant genes |
Mono. Means it came from the same..? | Egg |
Epigenetics; A field that is concentrated with changes in gene expression without the modification of the … Sequence | The modification of the DNA sequence
|
What you do at any moment not only affects you now, but produces e……… Effects that alter gene expressions for a longer period of time Experiences alter the activity of g…. That we possess | Epigenetic, alter gene expressions for a longer period of time; Genes |
Heritability; Refers to how much characteristics depend on g…… Differences; researchers have found evidence for heritability in almost every behavior they have tested; heritability of a certain trait is specific to a g…. P………; strong environmental influences may cause genetic influences to have more/less of an effect | Genetic differences; A given population; Less of an effect; what's the likelihood that you have a gene that will be expressed in your lifetime; no gene found for religion |
(Heredity and environment); Almost all behaviors have both a g…… And an e………… Component. Researchers: - study monozygotic and dizygotic twins to infer contributions of h……. And e………. Study adopted children and their resemblance to their biological parents to infer h……. Influences; - identify specific genes linked to some b……. | Genetic and environmental component; contributions of heredity and environment; infer hereditary influences; behavior |
(Environmental modification) Traits with a strong hereditary influence can be modified by e………… i……….. | Environmental intervention; - ex. PKU, a genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylketonuria; - environmental interventions can modify PKU; Don't eat certain food= no cognitive destruction; - just because you inherit a gene, doesn't mean you will express it; Environment can affect it |
(How genes affect behavior) Genes do not directly produce b…….. Genes produce p……. That increase the probability that a behavior will develop under certain circumstances Genes can also have an i……. affect | • Behaviors • Proteins • Indirect - genes can alter your environment by producing behaviors or traits that alter how people in your environment react to you |
(The evolution of behavior) Evolution refers to a change in the frequency of various genes in a p……… Over generations Evolution attempts to answer two questions: 1) how did….? 2) how do…? | Various genes in a population over generations; physical and social environments; regardless of whether the change is helpful of harmful to the species; How did some species evolve? How do species evolve? |
(how did some species evolve?) How species evolved is based on inferences from f……/c………. Of living species | Fossils/comparisons of living species |
(How do species evolve?); How species evolve rests upon some assumptions: Offspring generally resemble their parents for g…… R……; Mutations, recombination, and microduplications of genes introduce new h…….. V………; Certain individuals successfully reproduce more/less than others | • Genetic reasons • Heritable variations • More than others |
(Artificial selection) Refers to choosing individuals with desired t….. And making them parents of the next g……… According to Darwin, nature also selects, and successful individuals genes will be prevalent in later g………. | Desired traits and making them parents of the next generation; Prevalent in later generations |
(Common misconceptions about evolution) Lamarckian evolution: "the use or disuse of some structure or behavior causes an i……. Or d……. In that behavior" "Humans have stopped e……." "Evolution means i……….?" "Evolution acts to benefit the i……… Or the s……" | Increase or decrease in that behavior; Humans have stopped evolving; Evolution means improvement; Evolution acts to benefit the individual or the species |
(Brain evolution) One explanation is that our ancestors managed to get enough n…….. To provide a big brain with all the fuel it needs | Managed to get enough nutrition to provide a big brain with all the fuel it needs; cooking food made it easier to digest; group hunting was more efficient; humans have better capacity for glucose transport |
(Evolutionary psychology) Focuses upon functional and evolutionary explanations of how b…….. E……; - assumes that behaviors characteristic of a species have arisen through n…… S…….. And provide a s……. Advantage | Behaviors evolved; Natural selection and provide a survival advantage; Examples: differences in peripheral/color vision, sleep mechanisms in the brain, eating habits, temperature regulation |
(Behavior and natural selection) Some behaviors are more debatable with regard to the influence of n…… Selection Examples? Altruistic behaviors? A behavior that benefits someone other than the a…. | Natural selection
-altruistic behavior: |
(Group and kin selection) A gene:
Group selection: Kin selection: | only spreads if individuals with it reproduce more than individuals without it that benefits the species but not the individual dies out with that individual Group selection: States that altruistic groups survive better than less cooperative ones Kin selection: Selection for a gene benefits the individual's relatives |
(Reciprocal altruism) The idea that individuals hep those who will R….. The favor Building a reputation for helpfulness only works if others are willing to c…….. With you | Help those that will return the favor; Others are willing to cooperate with you |