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Biology IB HL - D1 Human Nutrition Part 5

Anatomy and Physiology22 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to human nutrition, focusing on obesity, hypertension, diabetes, starvation, anorexia, and recommended dietary intake (RDI).

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How does increased energy intake contribute to obesity?

overeating or an increased reliance on diets rich in fats and sugars
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
How does increased energy intake contribute to obesity?
overeating or an increased reliance on diets rich in fats and sugars
How does decreased energy expenditure contribute to obesity?
less exercise resulting from an increasingly sedentary lifestyle
What are individuals who suffer from obesity more prone to?
Individuals who are overweight or obese are more likely to suffer from hypertension (abnormally high blood pressure)
How does excess weight contribute to hypertension?
Excess weight places more strain on the heart to pump blood, leading to a faster heart rate and higher blood pressure
How does high cholesterol lead to hypertension?
High cholesterol diets will lead to atherosclerosis, narrowing the blood vessels which contributes to raised blood pressure
What is hypertension a precursor to ?
Hypertension is a common precursor to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD)
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Biology IB HL - D1 Human Nutrition Part 5
TermDefinition
How does increased energy intake contribute to obesity?
overeating or an increased reliance on diets rich in fats and sugars
How does decreased energy expenditure contribute to obesity?
less exercise resulting from an increasingly sedentary lifestyle
What are individuals who suffer from obesity more prone to?
Individuals who are overweight or obese are more likely to suffer from hypertension (abnormally high blood pressure)
How does excess weight contribute to hypertension?
Excess weight places more strain on the heart to pump blood, leading to a faster heart rate and higher blood pressure
How does high cholesterol lead to hypertension?
High cholesterol diets will lead to atherosclerosis, narrowing the blood vessels which contributes to raised blood pressure
What is hypertension a precursor to ?
Hypertension is a common precursor to the development of coronary heart disease (CHD)
What other illness are overweight/obese people likely to suffer from?
Individuals who are overweight or obese are also more likely to suffer from type II diabetes (non-insulin-dependent)
When does Type II diabetes occur?
Type II diabetes occurs when fat, liver and muscle cells become unresponsive to insulin (insulin insensitivity)
What type of diet causes type II diabetes?
This typically results from a diet rich in sugars causing the progressive overstimulation of these cells by insulin
Generally, who is more likely to develop type II diabetes?
Hence overweight individuals who have a high sugar intake are more likely to develop type II diabetes
What is starvation?
Starvation describes the severe restriction of daily energy intake, leading to a significant loss of weight
What happens to the body due to starvation?
As the body is not receiving a sufficient energy supply from the diet, body tissue is broken down as an energy source
What is the effect of prolonged and severe starvation?
This leads to muscle loss (as muscle proteins are metabolised for food) and eventually organ damage (and death)
What is anorexia nervosa?
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder in which individuals severely limit the amount of food they intake
In whom is anorexia nervosa most common?
It is most common in young females with body image anxiety and can potentially be fatal if left untreated
What is the most common cause of death due to anorexia?
In severe anorexia, the body begins to break down heart muscle, making heart disease the most common cause of death
How does anorexia lead to heart disease?
Blood flow is reduced and blood pressure may drop as heart tissue begins to starve. The heart may also develop dangerous arrhythmias and become physically diminished in size
What is the RDI?
The recommended daily intake for a nutrient (RDI) is the daily dietary level required to meet the requirements of health
What causes the RDI to vary?
It is an estimate only and will vary according to age, gender, activity levels and medical conditions
What are the recommendations of the RDI based off of?
The recommendations are based on a daily energy intake of 8400 kJ (2000 kcal) for healthy adults
How is the RDI found on food packages?
On food packages, this information is usually presented as a percentage of a daily total (based on identified serving size)
How can weight change be monitored?
Dietary intake can be recorded and compared against levels of energy expenditure in order to monitor weight change