Chemistry: Amines
This flashcard set introduces the basic concept of amines, their classification into primary, secondary, and tertiary types, and outlines the preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes. It includes key reagents, reaction conditions, the chemical equation, and identifies the reaction type as reduction.
what are amines
compounds based on ammonia where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups
Key Terms
what are amines
compounds based on ammonia where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups
what can amines be classified as
primary secondary or tertiary
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: reagents and conditions
Conc hcl and tin catalyst
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: equation
Benzene-NO2 + 6[H] > benzene-NH2 + 2H2O
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: reaction type
Reduction
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: uses of aromatic amines
Dyes and drugs
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
what are amines | compounds based on ammonia where one or more of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced by alkyl or aryl groups |
what can amines be classified as | primary secondary or tertiary |
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: reagents and conditions | Conc hcl and tin catalyst |
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: equation | Benzene-NO2 + 6[H] > benzene-NH2 + 2H2O |
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: reaction type | Reduction |
Preparation of aromatic amines from nitrobenzenes: uses of aromatic amines | Dyes and drugs |
General formula aliphatic amines | CnH2n+3N |
Preparation of primary aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes: reagents and conditions | Excess ammonia in ethanol and warm |
Preparation of primary aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes: general equation | RBr + 2NH3 > RNH2 + NH4+Br- |
Preparation of primary aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes: mechanism | Nucleophilic substitution |
Preparation of primary aliphatic amines from halogenoalkanes: why must excess ammonia be used | To prevent further substitution |
Preparation of primary aliphatic amines from nitriles: reagents and conditions | H2 Ni catalyst |
Preparation of primary aliphatic amines from nitriles: general equation | R-C(triple bond)N + 2H2 > RCH2NH2 |
Base | Substance that accepts H+ ions |
Why are ammonia and amines weak bases | Lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom, which can accept a proton from an acid |
What do amines dissolve in acids to give | The corresponding alkyl-ammonium salt |
How can the amine be reformed from an alkylammonium salt | By adding an alkali |
What is the ability of a substance to act as a base termed | Basicity |
What is the order of basicity of amines | Primary amines>NH3>benzene NH2 |
Comparing primary aliphatic amines and ammonia: what does the alkyl group in primary amines release and why | Electron density towards the nitrogen atom due to positive inductive effect |
Comparing primary aliphatic amines and ammonia: what does release of electron density towards nitrogen atom increase | Electron density on the nitrogen atom and the lone pair is more available to accept H+ |
Comparing primary aliphatic amines and ammonia: are aliphatic amines stronger bases than ammonia | Yes |
Comparing primary aromatic amines and ammonia: where is the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom of aromatic amines | Delocalised into the pi ring |
Comparing primary aromatic amines and ammonia: what effect does the delocalisation of the lone pair have on the electron density of the nitrogen atom | Decreases it- lone pair less available to accept H+ |
Comparing primary aromatic amines and ammonia: are aromatic amines weaker bases than ammonia | Yes |
What does relative basicity depend on | The availability of the lone pair on the N atom |
The more available the lone pair is, the ? The base | Stronger |
Why are amines nucleopgiles | Nitrogen atom of amines able to donate a lone pair of electrons |
Nucleopgile | Electron pair donor |
Reaction of ammonia with halogenoalkanes: general equation | R-Hal + 2NlpH3 > RNlpH2+ NH4+Hal- |
Reaction of ammonia with halogenoalkanes: mechanism | Nuc substitution |
Reaction of primary amines with halogenoalkanes: general equation | RHal + 2R1NlpH2 > RR1NH + R1NH3+Hal- |
Reaction of secondary amines with halogenoalkanes: general equation | RHal + 2R1(sq)NH > RR1(sq)N + R1(sq)NH2+Hal- |
Reaction of tertiary amines with halogenoalkanes: general equation | R-Hal + R1(cub)N > RR1(cub)N+Hal- |
What are quaternary ammonium salts used as | Cationic surfactants in household products such as detergent and fabric softeners |
What are surfactants | Compounds with regions which are partly soluble in water and partly insoluble |
What charge do quaternary ammonium salts have | Positive- cationic |
Which region of the quaternary ammonium salt is ionic | The N+ | Soluble in water |
Which part of the quaternary ammonium salt is not water soluble | The long non polar hydrocarbon region |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of ammonia with acyl chlorides: general equation | RCOCl + NH3 > RCONH2 + H+ + Cl- |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of ammonia with acyl chlorides: organic product | Amide |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of ammonia with acyl chlorides: mechanism | Nuc addition elimination |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of amines with acyl chlorides: general equation | RCOCl + R1NH2 > RCONHR1 + H+Cl- |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of amines with acyl chlorides: organic product | N substituted amide |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of ammonia with acid anhydrides: general equation | RCOOCOR + NH3 > RCONH2 + RCOOH |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of ammonia with acid anhydrides: organic product | Amide and carboxylic acid |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of amines with acid anhydrides: | RCOOCOR + R1NH2 > RCONR1H + RCOOH |
Nucleophilic addition elimination reactions of amines with acid anhydrides: organic product | N substituted amide |
equation for ethyl amine and acid (HCl) | CH3CH2NH2 + HCl > CH3CH2N+H3Cl- |
equation for alkylammonium salt and alkali | CH3CH2NH3 + OH- > CH3CH2NH2 + H2O |