Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Cognitive Psychology Chapter III Perception (103-110)
Cognitive Psychology Chapter III Perception (103-110)
This deck covers key concepts from Chapter III of Cognitive Psychology, focusing on perception theories and related phenomena.
What is the key claim of template theories?
That we have stored a loooooooot of templates in our minds. When we perceive patterns, we choose a template that exactely fits what we observe.
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
What is the key claim of template theories?
That we have stored a loooooooot of templates in our minds. When we perceive patterns, we choose a template that exactely fits what we observe.
What are “templates”?
“Templates” are highly detailed models of patterns, we might recognize.
Template theory + chess players + authors:
Chess players who have saved a lot of patterns from previous games use a matching mechanism in line with template theories to recall previous games. (...
Example for a problem with template theories:
Already Hoffding (1891) noted that one can recognize a letter, despite variations in size, form, style etc. and should we really have stored a templat...
As templates are considered to be too restricted, they were soon replaced by.. ( + Researchers)
... prototypes! (e.g. Franks and Bransford, 1971)
What is a prototype?
a prototype is an average of a class of related objects/patterns
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
What is the key claim of template theories? | That we have stored a loooooooot of templates in our minds. When we perceive patterns, we choose a template that exactely fits what we observe. |
What are “templates”? | “Templates” are highly detailed models of patterns, we might recognize. |
Template theory + chess players + authors: | Chess players who have saved a lot of patterns from previous games use a matching mechanism in line with template theories to recall previous games. (Gobet, Jackson 2002) |
Example for a problem with template theories: | Already Hoffding (1891) noted that one can recognize a letter, despite variations in size, form, style etc. and should we really have stored a template of each possibility? Think security feature of websites with pictures of wobbly letters: Humans can recognize them, machines not so well. |
As templates are considered to be too restricted, they were soon replaced by.. ( + Researchers) | ... prototypes! (e.g. Franks and Bransford, 1971) |
What is a prototype? | a prototype is an average of a class of related objects/patterns |
What is exiting about prototypes? + research(er) | We seem to form them as an integration of the most typical features of a pattern, without ever having seen an instance that exactly matches the prototype. (Posner and Keele, 1968 -> subj.s recognized prototypes as familiar, but have only been shown distorted instanzes (e.g. dots forming a triangle) |
Yet another branch of theories besides template and prototype theories in pattern recognition? | feature(-matching) theories |
By whom and what kind of demons does the Pandemonium Model consist of? | Oliver Selfridge’s pandemonium model, consists of: image demon, feature demons, cognitive demons, decision demon |
Study, name, effects? | Part.s had to identify stimuli either at local or global level (Navon, 1977). When local features are close together there is a global precedence effect (-> global recognition not slowed down by incongruence, but local). When letters are more widely spaced a local precedence effect: S S S S S S S |
Evidence for feature-matching theories comes from neurological and physiological research. Who and examples: | Hubel and Wiesel: single-cell recordings show evidence for orientation sensitive cells in V1. DeValois and DeValois: cells sensitive to corners and angles |
More complex/accurate picture of feature-recognition in the brain: | many cells serve multiple purposes, information gathering about different features happens in parallel, e.g. two streams: the “what” (= color shape identity) and the “where” (=location and motion) stream |
Structural-Description Theory: Name and specific theory! | Irving Biederman’s recognition-by-components (RBC) theory. |
What is the recognition by components theory? | According to Biederman, we quickly recognize objects by observing the edges of them and then decomposing the object into geons. |
Prosopagnosia? | The inability to recognize faces |
What is a geon? | Geons can be used to build up many basic shapes and then many many basic objects. They are simple and viewpoint invariant. |
Biederman’s theory is an example of a… | … feature-matching theory. |
The dorsal pathway is also called the … | … “where” pathway. |
The “what” pathway is also called the … | … ventral and is responsible for color, shape and identity. |
One example of a feature matching model: | The Pandemonium Model |
What happens “in the pandemonium”? | • Metaphorical demons with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus. • Image deamon -> feature demon -> cognitive demon (shout when they receive certain combinations of features) -> decision demon (listens to who shouts loudest) |
According to constructivits percepts are based on 3 things: | • what we sense • what we know • what we can infer |
Two examples for feature-matching approaches to perdepction: | • Selfridge’s Pandemonium Model • Biederman’s RBC Theory |
One kind of effect that speaks in favor for constructive approaches to perception: | context effects |
An example for a context effect and a description: | • configural-superiority effect • Objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than in isolation altough the configurations are more complex. |
A smilar effect to the configural-superiority effect known from linguistics: | word-superiority effect (letters in words are easier to identify than in isolation) |
Deficit associated with damage to the "how" pathway: | optic ataxia, e.g. deficit in reaching for stuff |
The only "true" form of color blindness? | rod monochromacy / achromacy |
What's the name for color blindness, where only one mechanism is not functioning correctly? | dichromacy |
Examples for dichromacy: | red-green color blindness |