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Exam 1/2 Anatomy and Physiology: Physiology - General Part 2

Anatomy and Physiology40 CardsCreated 3 months ago

This deck covers key concepts in physiology, focusing on the regulation of ions, hormones, and cardiovascular functions.

Where are baroreceptors found?

Heart and great vessels.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Where are baroreceptors found?
Heart and great vessels.
What substances directly inhibit ADH?
Alcohol and caffeine
Release of ADH is initiated by?
Increase in plasma osmolality (increase of albumin); Decrease in circulating blood volume; Lowered venous and arterial pressure
When are baroreceptors tripped?
With a decrease in blood pressure
Aldosterone is secreted from where in the body?
Adrenal cortex
____ are positively charged ion.
Cation

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TermDefinition
Where are baroreceptors found?
Heart and great vessels.
What substances directly inhibit ADH?
Alcohol and caffeine
Release of ADH is initiated by?
Increase in plasma osmolality (increase of albumin); Decrease in circulating blood volume; Lowered venous and arterial pressure
When are baroreceptors tripped?
With a decrease in blood pressure
Aldosterone is secreted from where in the body?
Adrenal cortex
____ are positively charged ion.
Cation
___ are negatively charged ions.
Anions
___ is the #1 extracellular anion.
Chloride
What is the most common cause of hypokalemia?
Diuretic use
Aldosterone is secreted when?
When sodium levels are low or potassium levels are high
What happens to potassium when sodium is absorbed?
Potassium is eliminated
When and where is renin secreted?
Secreted by the kidneys when perfusion in kidneys is decreased
What hormone is created secondary to renin?
Angiotension II
What is the function of angiotension II?
Vasoconstriction
What is the function of an ace inhibitor?
Ace inhibitor blocks creation of angiotension 1 & 2
Ace inhibitors end in?
Pril
Angiotension II stimulates production of?
ADH
What is first given for dehydration?
NS 0.9%
What is the major intracellular cation?
Potassium
Why is potassium required within the body?
Electrical impulses
What are the causes of hypokalemia?
Poor absorption, vomiting, diarrhea, renal disease, diuretics
What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?
Weakness, dysrhythmias, decreased reflexes, faints heart sounds, hypotension, anorexia, vomiting
_ is an increase of potassium.
Hyperkalemia
What causes hyperkalemia?
Renal failure, burns, crush injuries, infections, excessive use, acidosis
What is the treatment for hyperkalemia?
Insulin
Calcium is essential for?
Neuromuscular transmission; Cell membrane permeability; Hormone secretion; Bone growth; Muscle contraction
What are the causes of hypocalcemia?
Parathyroid dysfunction, renal disease, malapsorbtion
What are the signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia?
Cramps, seizures, muscle twitching
What is the treatment for hypocalcemia?
Calcium chloride, vitamin D
What are the causes of hypercalcemia?
Tumors, excess vitamin D, diuretics
What are the signs and symptoms of hypercalcemia?
Muscle weakness, renal stones, altered mental status, bone pain
What is the treatment for hypercalcemia?
Diuresis with furosemide and NS
What is the function of magnesium?
Activates enzymes - nerve impulses
Which electrolyte "locks down" cell membranes?
Magnesium
Magnesium is given to?
Seizures, VTACH, labor contractions
Hypomagnesemia is caused by?
Alcoholism, diabetes, malabsorption, starvation, diarrhea, diuresis
What are the signs and symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Tremors, nausea, vomiting, confusion
What is the most effective treatment for hypermagnesemia?
Hemodialysis
Cardiac output depends on which factors?
Strength of contraction; Rate of contraction; Amount of venous return (preload)
What is preload?
Blood that fills heart from vena cavas