Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Histology - Cytology
Histology - Cytology
This deck covers key concepts in histology and cytology, focusing on cell structures, functions, and responses to stress.
phosopholipid bilayer (histological trilayer), Transport through the membrane may be passive or active (requires extra energy). Some organelles are membrane-bound (e.g., golgi, RER, SER, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus).
Plasma membrane
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
phosopholipid bilayer (histological trilayer), Transport through the membrane may be passive or active (requires extra energy). Some organelles are membrane-bound (e.g., golgi, RER, SER, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus).
Plasma membrane
outside layer
e-face
inner face
p-face
“condensed” DNA, electron sense; little or no trnscription.
Heterochromatin
“uncoiled” DNA; electron lucent; active transcription
Euchromatin
rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly; prominent feature during protein synthesis.
Nucleolus
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
phosopholipid bilayer (histological trilayer), Transport through the membrane may be passive or active (requires extra energy). Some organelles are membrane-bound (e.g., golgi, RER, SER, mitochondria, lysosomes, nucleus). | Plasma membrane |
outside layer | e-face |
inner face | p-face |
“condensed” DNA, electron sense; little or no trnscription. | Heterochromatin |
“uncoiled” DNA; electron lucent; active transcription | Euchromatin |
rRNA synthesis, ribosome assembly; prominent feature during protein synthesis. | Nucleolus |
double-membrane later; nuclear pores. | Nuclear envelope |
contains organelles required to synthesize, package, and secrete proteins - exocytosis. Has a lot of RER, golgi app., and secretory vesicles. | Protein-secreting cell |
Flattened, membranous sacs w/ ribosomes. ER-bound ribosomes on membrane surface synthesize proteins into cisterna (lumen). (secretory proteins, membrane proteins, and lysosomal enzymes) | Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) |
Flattened, membranous sacs; no ribosomes. Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the RER into membrane-bound vesicles. Vesicles are transported to the plasma membrane (or to lysosomes). | Golgi Apparatus |
Membrane-bound, carry secretory proteins. Transported to the plasma membrane, fuse with it, release products into extracellular environment. | Secretory vesicles (granules) |
vesicles stored until signaled to be released at once. (paneth cells) | Regulated secretion |
products secreted as they are formed (plasma cells) | Constitutive secretion |
Abundant organelles required to synthesize lipid-based products. No vesciles: lipids pass easily through membranes. See a lot of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), vesicular mitochondria, lipid inclusions. | Steroid-secreting cell |
Membrane-enclosed tubes; no ribosomes. Convert choloestreols into streroid products (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, clucocoticoids) | Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) |
Contain tube-shaped cristae; modify steroids. | Vesicular mitochondria |
Cholesterol storage for steroid production. | Lipid inclusions (droplets) |
Rod-shaped, double-membrane. Outer: smooth. Inner: folded, from cristae. ATP sysnthesis during aerobic respiation. Provides energy for active transport. Has microvilli and basal folds. | Mitochondria |
folded plasma membrane and cytoplasm adjacent ot lumen. | Microvilli |
folded plasma membrane and cytoplasm adjacent to a other tissies, increases SA. | Basal folds |
Engulf macromolecules, cellular debris, bacteria. Identifys targets with receptors, engulfs targes with pseudopodia. Degrades targets with lysosomes (pgaholysosomes). Stores non-degradable components within residual body. | Phagocytic cell |
spherical, membrane-enclosed. Degrade ALL endocytosed material (anything brought into cell within vesicles) with hydrolytic enzymes. Also has autophagy - “self-eating”. Degraded contents are recycles; indigestible contents are stored in residual bodies and exocytosed. | Lysosomes |
“cell drinking”, generalized type of endocytosis by all cells. Brings in water & small dissolved solutes. Forms vesicles; fuse with lysosomes. | Pinocytosis |
highly selective endocytosis. Cargo proteins bind to cargo receptors. | Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
Synthesis of proteins used inside the cell, -not secreted, not within vesicles. Not especially abundant in protein secreting cells. | Free ribosomes (polyribosomes) |
cell morphology (shape), movement (organelles within cell, transport along surface, movement of whole cell). Components: Actin (thin filaments, intermediate filaments, microtubules). | Cytoskeleton |
support, contraction, adhesion (Adherens junction, fascia adherens) | Actin |
adhesion (high tensile strength), (desmosomes) | Intermediate filaments |
support, movement, Lengthen and shorten (- end and + end). Formation directed by MTOC, a centrosome contianing 2 centrioles) (flagella, cilia) | Microtubules |
1. integrity to plasma membrane. 2. integrity of genetic apparatus. 3. protein synthesis. 4. aerobic respiration. | 4 ways to kill a cell |
disrupt integrity of genetic apparatus | viral infections |
disrupt integrity of plasma membrane | bacteria infections |
disrupts protein synthesis, waste builds up. | lysosomal storage disease |
disrupts aerobic respiration. | hypoxia |
intentional and controlled cellular disassembly causing cell death | Apoptosis |
unintentional cell death from injury | necrosis |
fixes reversible damage from injury | repair |
adaptation to stress, making more cells | hyperplasia |
daapttaion to stress, grow bigger | hypertrophy |
cells grow smallser, response to stress | atrophy |
cells transform in response to stress | metaplasia |
hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia | ways cells respond to stress |