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Histology Fetal Development and Complications - Reverse Part 1

Anatomy and Physiology30 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This flashcard deck covers key concepts related to fetal development and potential complications, including growth measurements, birth weight categories, prenatal tests, and conditions affecting fetal health.

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Measures of body length (CRL, lemur length) increase faster than measures of width increase (biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference).

Fetal Proportional Growth
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Measures of body length (CRL, lemur length) increase faster than measures of width increase (biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference).
Fetal Proportional Growth
3200 g (7 lbs)
Normal Birth Weight
< 2500 g (5.5 lbs)
Low Birth Weight
< 500 g (1.1 lbs)
Fatal Birth Weight
< 10th percentile in weight for gestational age, but weight for size is normal
Small for gestational age (SGA)
< 10th percentile in weight for gestational age and < 2.5th percentile for abdominal circumference. Mortality is 30 times more likely, mental development may be affected.
in utero growth retardation (IUGR)
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Histology Fetal Development and Complications - Reverse Part 1
TermDefinition
Measures of body length (CRL, lemur length) increase faster than measures of width increase (biparietal diameter, abdominal circumference).
Fetal Proportional Growth
3200 g (7 lbs)
Normal Birth Weight
< 2500 g (5.5 lbs)
Low Birth Weight
< 500 g (1.1 lbs)
Fatal Birth Weight
< 10th percentile in weight for gestational age, but weight for size is normal
Small for gestational age (SGA)
< 10th percentile in weight for gestational age and < 2.5th percentile for abdominal circumference. Mortality is 30 times more likely, mental development may be affected.
in utero growth retardation (IUGR)
test for preterm delivery risk: vaginal swab for placental adhesive glycoproteins
Fetal fibronectin (fFN) test
Respiratory distress due to underdeveloped lungs
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
glucocorticoids to promote surfactant secretion in the lung to prevent collapse.
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) prenatal treatment
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) to maintain airway patency.
Respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) POST-natal treatment
test for RDS risk. Lecithin should rise relative to sphingomyelin beginning in the 34th week, 2:1 = low RDS risk. Amniotic fluid sampled by amniocentesis or vaginal swab.
Lecithin-sphingomyelin ratio
sampling amniotic fluid w/ needle guided by ultrasonography. 14-20 weeks for adequate fluid. Fetal calls for karyotyping, fetal metabolites, proteins, hormones, etc.
Amniocentesis
biopsy of chorionic villus w/ needle guided by ultrasonography. 10-14 weeks (after 14 wks, amniocentesis preferred). Slightly higher risk (1-2%), less accurate, earlier karyotyping.
Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)
identifying fetal markers in maternal blood. Looking for a-fetoprotein and hCG levels. False positives numerous.
Maternal serum screening
fetal marker in maternal blood that can show neural tube defects, GI defects, Down syndrome
a-fetoprotein
fetal marker in maternal blood used to test for molar pregnancy, ectopic pregnancy, choriocarcinoma, down syndrome.
hCG
Encoscopic procedure to visualize the fetus. Invasive, high risk (5-10%), used only in extreme casus
Fetoscopy (fetendo)
sampling of umbilical vein blood for genetic or metabolic disoreders (also called cordocentesis). > 17 weeks (cord large enough), same risk as CVS (1-2%)
Percutaneous Umbilical Cord Blood Sampling (PUBS)
extraction of fluid from the peritoneal cavity within the abdomen. Invasive: must penetrate vagina and peritoneum. Looking for blood; indivative of tubal rupture during ectopic pregnancy.
Culdocentesis
dilation of the cervix and removal of endometrium (scraping or suction). Screens for polyps, cancer, ectopic pregnancy. Placental tissue floats in saline, cancer doesn’t. comparison with hCG levels usually necessary.
Dilation and curettage (D and C)
waxy or cheese-like white substance found coating the skin of newborn human babies. Starts developing on the baby in the womb around 18 weeks into pregnancy.
Vernix caseosa
very fine, soft, and usually unpigmented, downy hair as can be found on the body of a fetusor newborn baby. It is the first hair to be produced by the fetal hair follicles, and it usually appears on the fetus at about 5 months of gestation.
Lanugo
Formed by fusion of amnion and chrion. Ruptures prior to birth, ‘water breaking’.
Amniochorionic membrane (ACM)
Premature rupturing of the ACM. Bands/cords of ACM constrict fetal body parts, may affect development of more distal structures.
Amniotic Band Sundrome (ABS)
500-1000 ml of circulating clear, watery liquid that contains fetal cells, proteins, electrolytes that can be collected via aminocentesis.
Amniotic fluid
amniotic cells lining cavity, fiddusion of maternal tissue fluid, fetal urination.
Sources of Amniotic fluid
Enters fetal circulation by being swallowed into GI tract, aspiated into lungs, and absorbed through skin. Returns to maternal circulation through uteroplacental circulation, excretion into amniotic cavity and diffusion into maternal tissue.
Amniotic fluid circulation
Cushions, prevents adhesion, permits movement, permits growth, barrier to infections, regulated body temperature, regulates fluid/electrolyte homeostasis.
Amniotic fluid functions
too much amniotic fluid; >1500 ml. Assoc. w/ severe malformations that prevent swallowing of amniotic fluid.
Polyhdramnios
Too little amniotic fluid; < 400 ml. Assoc. w/ renal agenesis, urinary blockages, premature rupture of ACM (PROM). May lead to slowed growth or oligohydramins sequence.
Oligohydramnios