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Histology Fetal Development Part 2

Anatomy and Physiology25 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to fetal development, focusing on amniotic fluid, the umbilical cord, the placenta, and related conditions such as polyhydramnios and preeclampsia.

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Amniotic fluid

500-1000 ml of circulating clear, watery liquid that contains fetal cells, proteins, electrolytes that can be collected via aminocentesis.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Amniotic fluid
500-1000 ml of circulating clear, watery liquid that contains fetal cells, proteins, electrolytes that can be collected via aminocentesis.
Sources of Amniotic fluid
amniotic cells lining cavity, diffusion of maternal tissue fluid, fetal urination.
Amniotic fluid circulation
Enters fetal circulation by being swallowed into GI tract, aspiated into lungs, and absorbed through skin. Returns to maternal circulation through ute...
Amniotic fluid functions
Cushions, prevents adhesion, permits movement, permits growth, barrier to infections, regulated body temperature, regulates fluid/electrolyte homeosta...
Polyhdramnios
too much amniotic fluid; >1500 ml. Assoc. w/ severe malformations that prevent swallowing of amniotic fluid.
Oligohydramnios
Too little amniotic fluid; < 400 ml. Assoc. w/ renal agenesis, urinary blockages, premature rupture of ACM (PROM). May lead to slowed growth or oligoh...
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Histology Fetal Development Part 2
TermDefinition
Amniotic fluid
500-1000 ml of circulating clear, watery liquid that contains fetal cells, proteins, electrolytes that can be collected via aminocentesis.
Sources of Amniotic fluid
amniotic cells lining cavity, diffusion of maternal tissue fluid, fetal urination.
Amniotic fluid circulation
Enters fetal circulation by being swallowed into GI tract, aspiated into lungs, and absorbed through skin. Returns to maternal circulation through uteroplacental circulation, excretion into amniotic cavity and diffusion into maternal tissue.
Amniotic fluid functions
Cushions, prevents adhesion, permits movement, permits growth, barrier to infections, regulated body temperature, regulates fluid/electrolyte homeostasis.
Polyhdramnios
too much amniotic fluid; >1500 ml. Assoc. w/ severe malformations that prevent swallowing of amniotic fluid.
Oligohydramnios
Too little amniotic fluid; < 400 ml. Assoc. w/ renal agenesis, urinary blockages, premature rupture of ACM (PROM). May lead to slowed growth or oligohydramins sequence.
Oligohydramnios (Potter’s) Sequence
Abnormal appearance due to compression of fetus against uterus, e.g., limb abnormalities, flattened face. Typically caused by bilateral renal agenesis or ACM rupture. Characterized by oligohydramnios, anuria (no urination), pulmonary hypoplasia (under-developed lungs)
Umbilical cord
Attaches fetus to placenta. (55 cm length, 1-2 cm diameter) Contains: 1 umbilical vein (blood: placenta to fetus), 2 umbilical arteries, (blood: fetus to placenta), loops of intestine, yolk sac, vitelline vessels, allantois (waste collection).
long cord
risk of cord prolapse or the cord encircling fetal neck, called nuchal cord.
short cord
restricted fetal movements, early detachment of placenta from uterus during delivery.
True knot (umbilical)
fetal hypoxia/anoxia (little/no oxygen); may be fatal
Umbilical cord blood banking
Collection, storage of fetal blood cells. Alternative to bone marrow transplants. Pros: No discomfort, abundant viabble stem cells, minimized host-graft rejection. Cons: expensive, low prob of use.
Placenta
site of nutrient and gas exchange between fetus & mother; produces pregnancy hormones like hCG.
Decidua basalis
maternal part of the placenta, derived from endometrium
Villous chorion
fetal part of placenta, derived from chorion
decidua capsularis
endometrium during pregnancy adjacent to the smooth chorion
decidua parietalis
endometrium during pregnancy not directly associated with the chorion.
Chorion
name for extraembryonic mesoderm plus trophoblast layers
Villous chorion
fetal placenta adjacent to decidua basalis, highly vascular. develops as the cytotrophoblast and extraembryonic mesoderm and grows into the syncytiotrophoblast. NO MIXING OF MATERNAL AND FETAL BLOOD!!
Smooth chorion
less vascular, non-placental region adjacent to decidua capsularis
Placental barrier before 4 months fertilization age
1. synctiotrophoblast 2. cytotrophoblast 3. extraembryonic mesoderm 4. endothelial cells lining fetal capillaries.
Placental barrier after 4 months fertilization age
1. syncytiotrophoblast 2. endothelial cells lining fetal capillaries. Now increased exchange. Cytotrophoblast cells detach and migrate to lin maternal arteries.
Placental barrier (membrane)
blocks: large, complex molecules, many protein hormones, many bacteria. Allows: gas, nutrient, waste exchange, steroid hormones, some antibodies, most medications/drugs, many viruses.
Preeclampsia
clinical concern > 4 months. Caused by failed migration of cytotrophoblast cells or maternal immune response to invading cytotrophoblast cells. Increases pressure in maternal vessels. Results in maternal hypertension, preoteinuria, slowed fetal growth, potential death.
Eclampsia
follows preeclampsia and is characterized by seizures.