Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Histology, Molecular Embryology, and Trunk Development - Reverse Part 1
Histology, Molecular Embryology, and Trunk Development - Reverse Part 1
This deck covers key concepts in histology, molecular embryology, and trunk development, focusing on the roles of various proteins, signaling pathways, and embryological structures.
High BMP4 and low Shh
surface ectoderm induced by
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
High BMP4 and low Shh
surface ectoderm induced by
Intermediate BMP4 and Shh
neural crest induced by
low BMP4 and high Shh
neural tube induced by
specifies neural crest cell fate/promotes cells migration
SNAIL/SLUG
BMP4 concentration gradient
specification of the mesoderm
high BMP4
lateral plate mesoderm (lpm) IB
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
High BMP4 and low Shh | surface ectoderm induced by |
Intermediate BMP4 and Shh | neural crest induced by |
low BMP4 and high Shh | neural tube induced by |
specifies neural crest cell fate/promotes cells migration | SNAIL/SLUG |
BMP4 concentration gradient | specification of the mesoderm |
high BMP4 | lateral plate mesoderm (lpm) IB |
intermediate BMP4 | intermediate mesoderm(im) IB |
low BMP4, differentiates into somites | paraxial mesoderm (pm) IB |
transcription factors responsible for craniocaudal body segmentation, e.g. Hoxa1, Hoxd13 | Hox proteins |
4 chromosomes, 13 gene clusters that code for Hox proteins. Provide spatial/temporal colinearity of gene expression & development | homeobox genes |
Cranial to caudal. RA (cranial) promotes Hox gene expression. FGF8 (caudal) inhibits Hox. | Somite development order |
located where RA signal overpowers FGF8 signal | someite differentiation front |
induces paraxial mesoderm to form somites via Hox. intercellular signaling molecule that guides development of the posterior portion of the embryo. | RA |
from notocord induces sclerotome | Shh (effect on mesoderm) |
from neural tube/surface ectoderm induces myotome | Wnt (effect on mesoderm) |
from neural tube induces dermatome | NT-3 (effect on mesoderm) |
part of a somite that forms the muscles of the animal. cells express MyoD or Myf5. | myotome |
differentiate into dermis. the dorsal portion of the paraxial mesoderm somite which gives rise to dermis. | dermatome |
SHH -> Pax1 | scleratome (signal + TF) |
WNT -> MRF (Myf5 + MoyD) | myotome (signal + TF) |
NT-3 -> Pax3 | dermatome (signal + TF) |
a secretory protein that induces lateral plate mesoderm to form left-side structures by promoting expression of Pitx2. | NODAL |
responsible for the establishment of the left-right axis, the asymmetrical development of the heart, lungs, and spleen, twisting of the gut and stomach, as well as the development of the eyes. locally expressed in the left lateral mesoderm, tubular heart, and early gut which leads to the asymmetrical development of organs and looping of the gut. | Pitx2 |
BMP4 from ectoderm promoting expression of Pax 3 & Pax 7 | dorsalization |
Shh from the notocord antagonizes BMP4 (represses Pax 3 & Pax 7) | ventralization |
promotes migration of neural crest cells | SLUG |
signaling molecule secreted by the lateral plate mesoderm required for the early differentiation of the embryo and establishing of a dorsal-ventral axis. It is secreted from the dorsal portion of the notochord, and acts in concert with sonic hedgehog (released from the ventral portion of the notochord) to establish a dorsal-ventral axis for the differentiation of later structures as well as inducing posterior neural tube (sensory) | BMP4 |
FGF8 cause cilia that preferentially sweep toward the left sidethat activates NODAL which induces LPM to promote Pitx2 induced left side development. | left-right asymettry |
releases NODAL. Where invagination occurs. | primitive node |
expression at primitive streak controls cell migration | FGF8 |
form skeletal muscle in head, don't dorm bony structures that come from somites. form on sides of cranial neural tube. do not segregate into sclerotome, dermatome, and myotome. | somitomeres |
differentiate into axial skeleton. cells express PAX1. | sclerotome |
induces sclerotome development | SHH and Noggin expression |
myotome posterolateral origin. MyoD expression. body wall and limb muscles. anterior primary rami. | hypaxial division |
myotome posteromedial origin. Myf5 expression. intrinsic back muscles. posterior primary rami | epaxial division |
begins in utero by 7 weeks. primary centers form by 7 weeks and are active until age 6. secondary ossification is complete around 25 years of age. at birth vertebrae consist of three bony parts united by cartilage. | ossification |
form from notochord and mesenchyme of somites. notochord forms nucleus pulposus. mesenchyme forms anulus fibrosus | intervertebral discs |
occurs as each vertebra forms from the fusion of the caudal half of the sclerotome of one somite and the cranial half of the sclerotome of the subjacent somite. somites surround neural tube and notochord. | resegmentation |
visceral mesoderm, initally between somites and finish at mid-vertebrae. | intersegmental arteries |
outgrowth of neural tube, initially at mid-somite, finish between vertebrae. | spinal nerves |