Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Histology Molecular Embryology and Trunk Development - Reverse Part 2
Histology Molecular Embryology and Trunk Development - Reverse Part 2
This deck covers key concepts in histology, molecular embryology, and trunk development, focusing on the origin and differentiation of various structures, genetic mutations, and developmental milestones.
come from paraxial mesoderm, initially within somite and finish to span vertebrae, allowing for movement of the vertebral column)
myotomes
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
come from paraxial mesoderm, initially within somite and finish to span vertebrae, allowing for movement of the vertebral column)
myotomes
bony part derived from sclerotome portion of paraxial mesoderm. cartilaginous part derived from sclerotome cells that migrated.
ribs
derived from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm.
sternum
right and left halves do not fuse appropriately.
cleft sternum
loss of function mutation of various Hox genes, can lead to accessory cervical or lumbar ribs.
accessory, forked, or fused ribs
malformations of the spine resulting in wedge-shaped vertebrae that can cause an angle in the spine (such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lordosis).
hemivertebra
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
come from paraxial mesoderm, initially within somite and finish to span vertebrae, allowing for movement of the vertebral column) | myotomes |
bony part derived from sclerotome portion of paraxial mesoderm. cartilaginous part derived from sclerotome cells that migrated. | ribs |
derived from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm. | sternum |
right and left halves do not fuse appropriately. | cleft sternum |
loss of function mutation of various Hox genes, can lead to accessory cervical or lumbar ribs. | accessory, forked, or fused ribs |
malformations of the spine resulting in wedge-shaped vertebrae that can cause an angle in the spine (such as kyphosis, scoliosis, and lordosis). | hemivertebra |
fracture of pars interarticularis due to congenital developmental defects or trauma | spondylolysis |
dislocation between adjacent vertebrae subsequent to spondylolysis. | spondylolisthesis |
ancephaly, spina bifida, rachischisis. Can be indicated pre-birth with a-feroprotin increase inmaternal serum tests. | failure of neuropores to close results in: |
severe caudal failure, in which neural tissue is exposed and often becomes necrotic) | rachischisis |
intake prior to and during pregnancy can decrease incidence of neural tube defects by as much as 70% | folic acid supplement reason |
lateral plate, intermediate, paraxial. Driven by BMP4 concentration gradient. | mesoderm differentiation |
induces ectoderm to form neuroectoderm which undergoes neurulation to form neural tube and neural crest, then induces anterior neural tube (motor). | SHH |
non-migratory myoblasts, i.e. back muscles. | epaxial derivatives |
Spermreach oocyte, pass through CR. Acrosome reaction (male), Zona reaction (female). Sperm fuses with ocyte membrane, oocyte completes M2. Pronuclei fuse to from single diploid nucleus. | Day 1 |
Cleavage, compaction (day 4), cavitation, hatching, implantation (day 6) | Week 1 |
uteroplacental circulation, trophoblast differentiation (cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast.), bilaminar disc formation, chorionic cavity formation, hcG detectable day 8. | Week 2 |
ectopic pregnancy, placenta previa, molar pregnancy, choriocarcinoma. | Week 2 complications |
Gastrulation, neurulation, NODAL expression, FGF8 expression, hypoblast displaced, body axes established, lateral body folding. | Weeks 3-4 |
forms urogenital system | Intermediate mesoderm |
forms connective tissue of body wall and limbs | parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
GI/respiratory organs exxcept epithelial lining | visceral layer of lateral plate mesoderm |
somites differentiate (wk 4), myotome differentiation (wk 5), resegmentation (wk 5), organogenesis | Weeks 4-8 |
chondrification centers for vertebral column develop | week 6 |
primary ossification centers for vertebral column develop | week 7 |
ribs form (sclerotome), tail regresses, limbs rotate/enlongate, digits and face develop, | week 8 |
produces floating ribs | hox9 |
prevents rib formation | hox 10 |
from parietal layer of lateral plate mesoderm | sternum formation |
sacralization of vertebrae | Hox11 |
rostral neuropore doesn't close | Anencephaly |
causal neuropore doesn't close | spina bifida |
malformed pelvis, underdeveloped lower limbs, 250X more in pregestational diabetics | Caudal dysgenesis |
form of CD, mermaid syndrome | Sirenomelia |
Loss of function: ribcages with all ribs attacted to sternum | Mutation of Hox9 |
Loss of function: lumbar and sacral vertebrae with ribs. Gain of function: Thoracic vertebrae without ribs | Mutation of Hox10 |
LoF: Sacral vertevrae that donot fuse. GoF: vertebrae at various levels fusing | Mutation of Hox 11 |
fracture of pars interarticularis | Spondylolysis |
Hox11 gain of function mutation at L5 | Sacralization of L5 vertebra |
bone ossification centers (wk 12), ext genetalia visible (wk 12), swallowing and urine formation (wk 10), respiratory movements (wk 15) | Weeks 9+ (fetal period) |
weeks 24 - 28 | Sound and light recognition |