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Histology - Urinary System Part 2

Anatomy and Physiology33 CardsCreated about 1 month ago

This deck covers key concepts related to the histology of the urinary system, focusing on structures, functions, and physiological processes.

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distal tubule between pars recta and pars convoluta, near the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (vascular pole), tall narrow cuboidal cells whose nuclei are close together

macula densa cells
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
distal tubule between pars recta and pars convoluta, near the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (vascular pole), tall narrow cuboidal cells whose nuclei are close together
macula densa cells
kidney lymphatic supply
superficial and deep lymph vessels follow larger arteries, form larger lymph vessels near the hilum, and then travel to lymph nodes near the abdominal...
renal innervation
sympathetic nerve fibers from renal plexus innervate blood vessels, renal tubules, juxtaglomerular cells, interstitial cells, and the kidney capsule
contains mechanoreceptors sensitive to stretch
trigone
has folded transitional epithelium as mucosa
empty bladder
granular cells of afferent glomerular arteriole, modified smooth muscle cells that contain granules of protease enzyme renin
juxtaglomerular cells
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Histology - Urinary System Part 2
TermDefinition
distal tubule between pars recta and pars convoluta, near the afferent and efferent glomerular arterioles (vascular pole), tall narrow cuboidal cells whose nuclei are close together
macula densa cells
kidney lymphatic supply
superficial and deep lymph vessels follow larger arteries, form larger lymph vessels near the hilum, and then travel to lymph nodes near the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava.
renal innervation
sympathetic nerve fibers from renal plexus innervate blood vessels, renal tubules, juxtaglomerular cells, interstitial cells, and the kidney capsule
contains mechanoreceptors sensitive to stretch
trigone
has folded transitional epithelium as mucosa
empty bladder
granular cells of afferent glomerular arteriole, modified smooth muscle cells that contain granules of protease enzyme renin
juxtaglomerular cells
proteins < 5 kD
freely permeable across filtration apparatus, while proteins > 75 kD are impermeable
similar in appearance to capillary pericytes but unknown function
extraglomerular mesangial cells
conspicuous lateral plasma membranes
collecting tubule
renal pyramid + associated cortical tissue at base and sides
lobe
contains medullary rays and cortical labyrinth, that together comprise a lobule
cortex
is apex of renal pyramid, contains area cribrosa (with about 20 papillary ducts of Bellini) and empties into minor calyx
renal papilla
urinary plaques
thickened regions of plasma membrane that associate with actin filaments and invaginate in relaxed urinary bladder. Appear as 'vesicles' in TEM, but their lumen is continuous with cell exterior.
stimulates the angiotensin pathway in the blood, leading to an increase in aldosterone release from the adrenal (suprarenal) cortex
Renin
bladder serosa location
present in regions with a peritoneal reflection onto the wall of the urinary bladder
prevent regurgitation of urine from bladder back into ureters
flap of mucosa hanging over ureteric orifice
contains renal pyramids, cortical arches, and cortical columns
medulla
medullary ray + surrounding cortical labyrinth
lobule
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS).
low filtration rate -> MDC stimulate JGC to release renin. Renin -> angiotensin pathway -> increased aldosterone from adrenal cortex. Aldosterone -> greater sodium reabsorption from distal tubule and collecting tubules, which triggers ADH from pituitary gland to increase blood volume and pressure.
filtration apparatus
Part of renal corpuscle. Contains: fenestrated endothelial cells of glomerulus (without diaphragms), thick basal lamina from podocytes and glomerular endothelial cells, filtration slit diaphragm between pedicels
dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. myofibroblasts, function unknown
kidney capsule
disease characterized by inability to respond to ADH
nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (ex. Mutation of aquaporin gene)
nephrons derive from
metanephric blastema
a hormone system that regulates blood pressure and water (fluid) balance.
renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS). If abnormally active, blood pressure too high.
ureter layers
mucosa, NO submucosa or muscularis mucosa, muscularis (inner long., outer circ., outer long. For distal third), and adventitia
composed of collecting tubules, and thick descending and ascending limbs of Henle’s loop; appear to radiate from medulla
medullary rays
three regions of male urethra
prostatic urethra (transitional epi), membranous urethra (stratified columnar), spongy penile urethra (strat. Columnar w/ patches of pseudostrat and strat squamous).
stratified epithelium located exclusively in urinary system, impermeable barrier to urine
transitional epithelium (urothelium). - characteristic dome-shaped cells facing lumen that flatten out in full urinary bladder. Often BINUCLEATE.
secrete H+ or HCO3- into lumen to maintain appropriate urine pH;
intercalated cells (dark cells)
permeable to water but impermeable to salts
descending thin limb of Henle
composed of collecting tubules, thick descending and ascending limbs of Henle’s loop, and thin limbs of Henle’s loop
renal (medullary) pyramids
autoimmune response to collagen type IV that affects GBM of renal corpuscles. Symptoms include: hematuria and proteinuria. Also affects alveolar BM. Treatment includes plasmapheresis, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs.
Goodpasture syndrome
presence of ADH
makes collecting tubules permeable to water and allows urine to be concentrated (hypertonic) and have normal volume