Anatomy and Physiology /HOSA: Medical Terminology 2016 Chapter 2 Part 3
HOSA: Medical Terminology 2016 Chapter 2 Part 3
This deck covers key medical terminology concepts from genetic mutations to tissue types and gland functions.
Genetic mutation
change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Genetic mutation
change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
Somatic cell mutation
change within the cells of the body. Affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation
Gametic cell mutation
change within the genes in a gamete CAN be transmitted by a parent to their children
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Genetic engineering
manipulating or splicing of gene for scientific or medical purposes
Genetic disorder OR | Hereditary disorder
pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene | some are obvious at birth while others will manifest at any time in life
Cystic fibrosis
congenital disorder affects both respiratory and digestive systems
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Genetic mutation | change of the sequence of a DNA molecule |
Somatic cell mutation | change within the cells of the body. Affect the individual but CANNOT be transmitted to the next generation |
Gametic cell mutation | change within the genes in a gamete CAN be transmitted by a parent to their children |
Genetic engineering | manipulating or splicing of gene for scientific or medical purposes |
Genetic disorder OR | Hereditary disorder | pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene | some are obvious at birth while others will manifest at any time in life |
Cystic fibrosis | congenital disorder affects both respiratory and digestive systems |
Down syndrome | genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, physical abnormalities such as heart valve disease |
Hemophilia | group of hereditary bleeding disorders in which a blood-clotting factor is missing. This blood coagulation disorder is characterized by spontaneous hemorrhages or severe bleeding following an injury |
Huntington's disease | genetic disorder passed from parent to child; each child of a parent with Huntington's disease has a 50-50 chance of inheriting this defective gene; Causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear midlife; May result in uncontrollable movements and loss of some mental abilities |
Phenylketonuria (PKU) | genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing. Can be detected by a blood test at birth, with careful dietary supervision, children with PKU can lead normal lives without early detection it can cause severe mental retardation. |
Tay-Sachs disease | fatal genetic disorder in which harmful quantities of fatty substance build up in tissues and nerve cells in the brain (*Both parents must carry the mutated gene to have an affected child) Most common form of the disease affect babies who appear healthy t birth and develop normally for the first few months. Development then slows and a relentless deterioration of mental and physical disabilities results in progressive blindness, paralysis, and early death |
Tissue | group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions |
Hist- | tissue |
Four main types of tissue | epithelial; connective; muscle; nerve |
-Trophy | development |
Ana- | backward |
-Plasia | formation |
Epithelial tissues | protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body these tissues also form glands |
Epithelium | specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of mucous membranes |
Endothelium | specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs |
Connective tissues | supports and connects organs and other body tissues (4 kinds) |
Dense connective tissues | form the joints and frameworks of the body {ex. bone and cartilage} |
Muscular dystrophy | group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that involve movement |
Adipose tissue | FAT provides protective padding, insulation, and support |
Loose connective tissue | surrounds various organs and supports bother nerve cells and blood vessels |
Liquid connective tissue | transport nutrients and waste products throughout the body {ex. lymph, blood} |
Muscle tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax |
Nerve tissue | contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses |
Aplasia | defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue |
Hypoplasia | incomplete development of an organ or tissue usually due to a deficiency in a number of cells |
Anaplasia | change in the structure of cells and their orientation to each other; this abnormal cell development is characteristic to tumor formation in cancers |
Dysplasia | abnormal development or growth of cells, tissues or, organs |
Hyperplasia | enlargement of a tissue or organ because of an abnormal increase in the number of cells in the tissue |
Hypertrophy | a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in size but not number of cells in the tissue {non tumor forming] |
Glands | group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions |
Secretion | substance produced by a gland |
Exocrine glands | secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body {ex. sweat glands} |
Endocrine glands | produces hormones, do not have ducts. | these hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream, then transported to organs and structures throughout the body |
Exo- | out |
Endo- | within |