HOSA: Medical Terminology 2016 Chapter 6 Part 2

armpit

groin

NK cells) play an important role in

| the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses.

also known as B lymphocytes, are specialized
lymphocytes that produce antibodies. Each lymphocyte
makes a specific antibody that is capable of
destroying a specific antigen.
n B cells are most effective against viruses and bacteria
that are circulating in the blood. When a B cell is
confronted with the antigen that it is coded to destroy,
that B cell is transformed into a plasma cell.
n Plasma cells develop from B cells and secrete a large
volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific
antigens

also known as T lymphocytes, belong to a
group of leukocytes known as lymphocytes. These
cells, which get the ‘T’ in their name from their origin
in the thymus, play a central role in cell-mediated
immunity.

are three masses of lymphoid tissue
that form a protective ring around the back of the
nose and upper throat (Figure 6.4). The tonsils play an
important role in the immune system by preventing
pathogens from entering the respiratory system when
breathing through the nose and mouth.

describes the hard

| and soft palates that form the roof of the mouth.

tongue

also known as the
nasopharyngeal tonsils, are located in the nasopharynx,
which is the upper part of the pharynx

come from B cells and release antibodies

which is a mass of lymphoid
tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at
puberty and becomes smaller with age.
n As part of the endocrine system, the thymus
secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation
of lymphocytes into T cells
These T cells, which are essential to the immune system,
leave the thymus through the bloodstream and
the lymphatic system

refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a
specific antigen. The term is also used to describe a
decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due
to repeated use.

is any substance that the body
regards as being foreign. This includes viruses, bacteria,
toxins, and transplanted tissues. The immune system
immediately responds to the presence of any antigen

is a disease-fighting
protein created by the immune system in
response to the presence of a specific antigen
(the prefix anti- means against). The terms
antibody and immunoglobulin are often used
interchangeably.

is the most abundant class of antibodies, and they are found in blood serum and lymph. These antibodies are active against bacteria, fungi, viruses, and foreign particles.

is the class of antibodies produced predominantly against ingested antigens. These antibodies are found in body secretions such as saliva, sweat, or tears, and function to prevent the attachment of viruses and bacteria to the epithelial surfaces that line most organs.

is the class of antibodies that are found in circulating body fluids. These are the first antibodies to appear in response to an initial exposure to an antigen.

the class of antibodies found only on the surface of B cells. These antibodies are important in B cell activation.

is the class of antibodies produced in the lungs, skin, and mucous membranes. These antibodies are responsible for allergic reactions.

are specialized leukocytes that act as part of the antigen-antibody reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen,
and pathogens by the process of phagocytosis

are leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. Macrophages derive from monocytes after they leave the bloodstream and enter into the tissue. Monocytes
replenish macrophages and dendritic cells.

a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells (macro- means large, and -phage means a cell that eats). Macrophages
also remove dead cells and stimulate the action of other immune cells.

a cell that eats

are specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections. When such a cell is found, the
dendritic cell grabs it, swallows, and alerts B and T cells to act against this specific antigen.

swelling

is a hereditary condition of the lymphatic system that develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs. The disorder occurs most frequently in females when the symptoms begin to appear during puberty.

is caused by damage to lymphatic vessels that is most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns

also known as a cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen. For example, contact with poison ivy can cause a localized allergic response in the form of an itchy rash (see Chapter 12). Although the body reacts mildly the first time it is exposed to the allergen, sensitivity is established, and future contacts can cause much more
severe symptoms.

is any of a large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own
tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens.

occurs when the immune response is compromised. Compromised means weakened or not functioning properly.

is a bloodborne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening
opportunistic infections (Figure 6.9). Medical intervention
including reverse transcriptase (RT), protease, and fusion
inhibitors can now prolong the patient’s life, especially if
administered starting in the early stages of HIV

is caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce
an illness in healthy humans. However, when the host is debilitated, these pathogens are able to cause an infection. Debilitated means weakened by another condition.

are rod-shaped spore-forming bacteria (bacilli means rod shaped). (The singular is bacillus.)

is a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected with bacillus anthracis. Spores grown in laboratories have been used in biological warfare.

are long, slender spiralshaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement.

is a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites (plural, rickettsiae). Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused by a rickettsia
that is transmitted to humans by the bite of an infected tick

are a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular
groups or clusters resembling grapes (staphyl/o means clusters or bunches of grapes, and -cocci means spherical bacteria). (The singular is staphylococcus.) Most staphylococci are harmless
and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms; however, others are capable of producing very serious infections.

is treatment to repress or interfere with the ability of the immune system to respond to stimulation by antigens.

is a substance that prevents or reduces the body’s
normal immune response. This medication is administered
to prevent the rejection of donor tissue and to
depress autoimmune disorders

twisted chain

spherical bacteria

are very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. After invading the cell, the virus reproduces and then breaks the wall of the infected cell to release the newly formed viruses. These viruses spread to other cells and repeat the process.

reproduction

means in the place where the cancer first | occurred.

malignant tumor in epithelial tissue

malignant tumor that arises in connective tissues

milk glands

short

distant