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Medical Terminology: Endocrine System Part 3

Anatomy and Physiology20 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers key hormones and physiological processes related to the endocrine system, including definitions and functions of various hormones and feedback mechanisms.

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Define: Melatonin

A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, typically released in response to darkness. Melatonin levels rise at night to promote sleepiness.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Define: Melatonin
A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, typically released in response to darkness. Melatonin l...
Define: Estrogen
A group of hormones primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Estrog...
Define: Progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries that regulates the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy by preparing the uterus for implantation. Progesterone lev...
Define: Testosterone
The primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues, secondary sexual characteristics, and muscle mass. Testoste...
Define: Inhibin
A hormone produced by the gonads that inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland, regulating repro...
Define: Leptin
A hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and promoting satiety. Leptin levels increase with ...
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Medical Terminology: Endocrine System Part 3
TermDefinition
Define: Melatonin
A hormone produced by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms, typically released in response to darkness. Melatonin levels rise at night to promote sleepiness.
Define: Estrogen
A group of hormones primarily responsible for the development of female secondary sexual characteristics and regulation of the menstrual cycle. Estrogen plays a key role in reproductive health and menstrual regulation.
Define: Progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries that regulates the menstrual cycle and supports pregnancy by preparing the uterus for implantation. Progesterone levels rise after ovulation to support potential pregnancy.
Define: Testosterone
The primary male sex hormone responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues, secondary sexual characteristics, and muscle mass. Testosterone is crucial for male development and reproductive function.
Define: Inhibin
A hormone produced by the gonads that inhibits the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) from the anterior pituitary gland, regulating reproductive processes. Inhibin helps control the production of sperm and eggs by regulating FSH levels.
Define: Leptin
A hormone produced by adipose (fat) tissue that helps regulate energy balance by inhibiting hunger and promoting satiety. Leptin levels increase with fat stores, signaling the brain to reduce appetite.
Define: Ghrelin
A hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates appetite and promotes food intake, often referred to as the 'hunger hormone.' Ghrelin levels rise before meals, signaling hunger to the brain.
Define: Renin
An enzyme secreted by the kidneys that plays a key role in the regulation of blood pressure and fluid balance by initiating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Renin is released in response to low blood pressure to help raise it.
Define: Angiotensin
A hormone that constricts blood vessels and increases blood pressure, part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system involved in fluid balance. Angiotensin II is a potent vasoconstrictor that helps regulate blood pressure.
Define: Erythropoietin
A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow in response to low oxygen levels. Erythropoietin is crucial for maintaining adequate oxygen transport in the blood.
Define: Cholecystokinin (CCK)
A hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates gallbladder contraction and the release of digestive enzymes from the pancreas in response to food intake. Cholecystokinin helps regulate digestion after meals.
Define: Gastrin
A hormone produced by the stomach that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid, aiding in digestion and the breakdown of food. Gastrin is released when food enters the stomach to promote digestion.
Define: Secretin
A hormone produced by the small intestine that stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate, neutralizing stomach acid in the small intestine. Secretin helps create an optimal environment for digestion in the small intestine.
Define: Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)
A neuropeptide that stimulates vasodilation and increases intestinal secretions, playing a role in regulating gut motility and blood flow. VIP is important for promoting digestion and intestinal health.
Define: Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A hormone produced during pregnancy by the placenta that helps maintain the corpus luteum and supports fetal development. Human chorionic gonadotropin is often measured in pregnancy tests to confirm pregnancy.
Define: Relaxin
A hormone produced by the ovaries and placenta that helps relax the pelvic ligaments and prepare the uterus for childbirth. Relaxin increases during pregnancy to facilitate delivery.
Define: Homeostasis
The process by which biological systems maintain stability while adjusting to changing external conditions. Homeostasis is essential for survival, ensuring optimal functioning of the body.
Define: Metabolism
The set of life-sustaining chemical reactions that convert food into energy and building blocks for growth, maintenance, and repair of cells. Metabolism includes both catabolic and anabolic processes that are vital for life.
Define: Negative feedback
A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change, maintaining homeostasis. Negative feedback is crucial for regulating hormone levels in the body.
Define: Positive feedback
A regulatory mechanism that amplifies a physiological change, leading to an even greater response, often seen in processes like childbirth. Positive feedback occurs during labor, where contractions increase until delivery.