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Medical Terminology: Endocrine System Part 4

Anatomy and Physiology20 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts and definitions related to the endocrine system, focusing on hormone signaling, types of hormones, and various endocrine disorders.

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Define: Hormone receptors

Proteins located on or within target cells that bind specific hormones, initiating a cellular response. Hormone receptors are essential for the action of hormones on their target cells.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Define: Hormone receptors
Proteins located on or within target cells that bind specific hormones, initiating a cellular response. Hormone receptors are essential for the action...
Define: Signal transduction
The process by which a cell converts a signal from a hormone or other molecule into a functional response, often involving a cascade of molecular even...
Define: Second messenger system
A signaling pathway in which a hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, generating intracellular molecules (second messengers) that trigger a ...
Define: Endocrine signaling
A form of cell communication where hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to distant target organs to elicit a response. Endocrine sign...
Define: Paracrine signaling
A form of cell communication where hormones are released and act on nearby target cells within the same tissue or organ. Paracrine signaling is import...
Define: Autocrine signaling
A form of cell communication where a cell secretes a hormone that acts on itself, influencing its own activity. Autocrine signaling is often seen in i...
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Medical Terminology: Endocrine System Part 4
TermDefinition
Define: Hormone receptors
Proteins located on or within target cells that bind specific hormones, initiating a cellular response. Hormone receptors are essential for the action of hormones on their target cells.
Define: Signal transduction
The process by which a cell converts a signal from a hormone or other molecule into a functional response, often involving a cascade of molecular events. Signal transduction is crucial for cells to respond appropriately to hormonal signals.
Define: Second messenger system
A signaling pathway in which a hormone binds to a receptor on the cell surface, generating intracellular molecules (second messengers) that trigger a cellular response. The second messenger system amplifies the signal from hormones like epinephrine.
Define: Endocrine signaling
A form of cell communication where hormones are released into the bloodstream and travel to distant target organs to elicit a response. Endocrine signaling allows for widespread effects throughout the body.
Define: Paracrine signaling
A form of cell communication where hormones are released and act on nearby target cells within the same tissue or organ. Paracrine signaling is important for local cell communication and regulation.
Define: Autocrine signaling
A form of cell communication where a cell secretes a hormone that acts on itself, influencing its own activity. Autocrine signaling is often seen in immune responses and growth regulation.
Define: Neurohormones
Hormones produced by neurosecretory cells in the brain that are released into the bloodstream and affect distant target organs. Neurohormones play a role in regulating stress responses and homeostasis.
Define: Hormone secretion
The process by which hormones are produced and released into the bloodstream by endocrine glands in response to various stimuli. Hormone secretion is critical for maintaining physiological balance in the body.
Define: Lipid-soluble hormones
Hormones that can easily pass through cell membranes due to their lipid nature, allowing them to bind to intracellular receptors and affect gene expression. Lipid-soluble hormones include steroid hormones like testosterone and cortisol.
Define: Water-soluble hormones
Hormones that cannot easily cross cell membranes and bind to receptors on the cell surface, triggering signal transduction pathways. Water-soluble hormones include peptide hormones like insulin.
Define: Tropic hormones
Hormones that stimulate other endocrine glands to release their hormones, playing a key role in regulating various physiological processes. Tropic hormones like ACTH are crucial for coordinating endocrine responses.
Define: Non-tropic hormones
Hormones that directly affect target organs or tissues without stimulating other endocrine glands. Non-tropic hormones like insulin directly regulate metabolism in target cells.
Define: Diabetes mellitus (Type 1 and Type 2)
A chronic condition characterized by high blood sugar levels due to insulin deficiency (Type 1) or insulin resistance (Type 2). Diabetes mellitus requires careful management of blood sugar levels.
Define: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
A serious complication of diabetes characterized by high levels of ketones in the blood due to insulin deficiency, leading to metabolic acidosis. DKA can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical intervention.
Define: Hypoglycemia
A condition characterized by abnormally low blood glucose levels, which can cause symptoms like dizziness, confusion, and fainting. Hypoglycemia can occur in diabetics who take too much insulin or skip meals.
Define: Hyperglycemia
A condition characterized by abnormally high blood glucose levels, often associated with diabetes and leading to various health complications. Hyperglycemia can result from insufficient insulin production or action.
Define: Insulin resistance
A condition in which cells in the body become less responsive to insulin, leading to higher blood glucose levels and often associated with type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance is a key feature of metabolic syndrome.
Define: Metabolic syndrome
A cluster of conditions including obesity, high blood pressure, high blood sugar, and abnormal cholesterol levels that increase the risk of heart disease and diabetes. Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
Define: Hypothyroidism
A condition in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as fatigue, weight gain, and sensitivity to cold. Hypothyroidism can be effectively managed with hormone replacement therapy.
Define: Hyperthyroidism
A condition characterized by excessive production of thyroid hormones, leading to symptoms such as weight loss, rapid heartbeat, and heat intolerance. Hyperthyroidism can cause significant metabolic disturbances.