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Medical Terminology: Nervous System Part 3

Anatomy and Physiology25 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers essential terms and concepts related to the nervous system, including neuron functions, sensory receptors, and types of strokes.

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Define: Resting Membrane Potential

The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically around -70 mV. The resting membrane potential is essential for the generation of action potentials.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Define: Resting Membrane Potential
The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically around -70 mV. The resting membrane potential is essential for ...
Define: Depolarization
A decrease in the electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane, making it more positive. Depolarization occurs when sodium channels open du...
Define: Repolarization
The process of returning the membrane potential of a neuron to its resting state after depolarization. Repolarization helps restore the neuron's resti...
Define: Hyperpolarization
An increase in the electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane, making it more negative. Hyperpolarization makes it less likely for a neur...
Define: Synaptic Transmission
The process by which neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and bind to receptors on another neuron. Synaptic transmission is essential for co...
Define: Neuroplasticity
The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experience or injury. Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after...
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Medical Terminology: Nervous System Part 3
TermDefinition
Define: Resting Membrane Potential
The electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, typically around -70 mV. The resting membrane potential is essential for the generation of action potentials.
Define: Depolarization
A decrease in the electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane, making it more positive. Depolarization occurs when sodium channels open during an action potential.
Define: Repolarization
The process of returning the membrane potential of a neuron to its resting state after depolarization. Repolarization helps restore the neuron's resting membrane potential.
Define: Hyperpolarization
An increase in the electrical charge difference across a neuron's membrane, making it more negative. Hyperpolarization makes it less likely for a neuron to fire an action potential.
Define: Synaptic Transmission
The process by which neurotransmitters are released from one neuron and bind to receptors on another neuron. Synaptic transmission is essential for communication between neurons.
Define: Neuroplasticity
The ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experience or injury. Neuroplasticity allows the brain to reorganize itself after damage.
Define: Reflex Arc
The neural pathway that mediates a reflex action, consisting of sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons. A simple reflex arc can allow a quick withdrawal from a painful stimulus.
Define: Motor Neuron
A type of neuron that transmits signals from the central nervous system to muscles, causing movement. Motor neurons are responsible for voluntary movements of the body.
Define: Sensory Neuron
A neuron that carries sensory information from the body to the central nervous system. Sensory neurons are activated by stimuli like touch and temperature.
Define: Interneuron
A neuron that connects sensory and motor neurons, playing a crucial role in reflexes and central nervous system processing. Interneurons facilitate communication between sensory and motor pathways.
Define: Effector
A muscle or gland that responds to signals from motor neurons, producing a response. The muscle acts as an effector when it contracts in response to a motor neuron signal.
Define: Receptor
A protein molecule on a cell membrane that receives and binds to specific neurotransmitters or hormones. The receptor on the neuron binds to the neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic neuron.
Define: Sensory Pathway
A neural pathway that transmits sensory information from sensory receptors to the central nervous system. The sensory pathway is crucial for processing touch and pain signals.
Define: Motor Pathway
A neural pathway that carries motor commands from the central nervous system to muscles. The motor pathway is involved in executing voluntary movements.
Define: Proprioception
The body's ability to sense its position and movement in space through sensory receptors. Proprioception helps us maintain balance and coordination while moving.
Define: Nociceptor
A sensory receptor that responds to potentially harmful stimuli by sending pain signals to the brain. Nociceptors are activated during injury, alerting the body to pain.
Define: Mechanoreceptor
A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion, such as touch or sound. Mechanoreceptors are essential for our sense of touch and hearing.
Define: Chemoreceptor
A sensory receptor that responds to chemical stimuli, such as taste and smell. Chemoreceptors allow us to perceive different flavors and odors.
Define: Photoreceptor
A sensory receptor that responds to light, enabling vision. Photoreceptors in the retina convert light into neural signals for vision.
Define: Thermoreceptor
A sensory receptor that responds to changes in temperature. Thermoreceptors help us detect hot and cold sensations.
Define: Stroke (Cerebrovascular Accident)
A medical emergency resulting from interrupted blood supply to the brain, leading to brain damage. A stroke can cause sudden weakness or numbness on one side of the body.
Define: Ischemic Stroke
A type of stroke caused by a blockage in a blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. An ischemic stroke often occurs due to a blood clot.
Define: Hemorrhagic Stroke
A type of stroke caused by bleeding in the brain, often due to a ruptured blood vessel. A hemorrhagic stroke can lead to increased intracranial pressure.
Define: Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)
A temporary period of symptoms similar to those of a stroke, often referred to as a 'mini-stroke.' A transient ischemic attack can serve as a warning sign for future strokes.
Define: Aneurysm
An abnormal bulge in a blood vessel caused by weakness in the vessel wall, which can lead to hemorrhage. An aneurysm in the brain can cause severe headaches if it ruptures.