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Medical Terminology: Oncology & Pathology Part 2

Anatomy and Physiology20 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts and definitions related to oncology and pathology, focusing on terms such as lymph node involvement, micrometastasis, and carcinogenesis.

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Define: lymph node involvement

The presence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes, indicating that the cancer has spread from its original site. The oncologist discussed the implications of lymph node involvement in the treatment plan.
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
Define: lymph node involvement
The presence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes, indicating that the cancer has spread from its original site. The oncologist discussed the implicatio...
Define: micrometastasis
Small clusters of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor but are not detectable by standard imaging techniques. The pathologist found ev...
Define: recurrence
The return of cancer after treatment and a period of improvement, indicating that the cancer has returned to the original site or spread elsewhere. Th...
Define: progression
The process by which cancer worsens or advances, often measured by an increase in tumor size or the development of new metastases. The scans showed pr...
Define: residual disease
Cancer cells that remain in the body after treatment, which can lead to recurrence. The doctor explained that residual disease was detected during fol...
Define: malignancy
The quality of being malignant, indicating that a tumor is cancerous and capable of invading surrounding tissues and spreading to distant sites. The b...
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Medical Terminology: Oncology & Pathology Part 2
TermDefinition
Define: lymph node involvement
The presence of cancer cells in the lymph nodes, indicating that the cancer has spread from its original site. The oncologist discussed the implications of lymph node involvement in the treatment plan.
Define: micrometastasis
Small clusters of cancer cells that have spread from the primary tumor but are not detectable by standard imaging techniques. The pathologist found evidence of micrometastasis during the examination of lymph nodes.
Define: recurrence
The return of cancer after treatment and a period of improvement, indicating that the cancer has returned to the original site or spread elsewhere. The patient was monitored closely for signs of recurrence after completing treatment.
Define: progression
The process by which cancer worsens or advances, often measured by an increase in tumor size or the development of new metastases. The scans showed progression of the disease despite ongoing treatment.
Define: residual disease
Cancer cells that remain in the body after treatment, which can lead to recurrence. The doctor explained that residual disease was detected during follow-up imaging.
Define: malignancy
The quality of being malignant, indicating that a tumor is cancerous and capable of invading surrounding tissues and spreading to distant sites. The biopsy results confirmed the presence of malignancy in the tissue sample.
Define: benign
A term used to describe a tumor that is not cancerous and does not invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body. The doctor reassured her that the growth was benign and did not require treatment.
Define: neoplasm
An abnormal mass of tissue that results from excessive cell growth, which can be benign or malignant. The MRI revealed a neoplasm that needed further evaluation.
Define: hyperplasia
An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ, which can lead to an enlarged structure but is not necessarily cancerous. The biopsy showed hyperplasia in the prostate gland, indicating a non-cancerous enlargement.
Define: dysplasia
The presence of abnormal cells within a tissue, which can be a precursor to cancer but does not necessarily indicate malignancy. The cervical smear indicated dysplasia, prompting further testing.
Define: atypia
The presence of abnormal cells that may indicate a higher risk of cancer but do not confirm a diagnosis of malignancy. The pathologist noted atypia in the tissue sample, which warranted closer observation.
Define: oncogene
A mutated gene that has the potential to cause normal cells to become cancerous, often involved in the regulation of cell growth and division. Researchers are studying the role of specific oncogenes in the development of breast cancer.
Define: tumor suppressor gene
A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer; when mutated, it may lead to uncontrolled cell growth. The loss of function in the tumor suppressor gene p53 is commonly associated with various cancers.
Define: mutation
A change in the DNA sequence that can lead to alterations in gene function and may contribute to the development of cancer. Genetic testing revealed a significant mutation linked to an increased cancer risk.
Define: apoptosis
A programmed process of cell death that is essential for maintaining healthy tissue development and homeostasis; its disruption can lead to cancer. Cancer cells often evade apoptosis, allowing them to survive and proliferate.
Define: angiogenesis
The formation of new blood vessels from existing ones, a process that tumors exploit to secure their own blood supply for growth. Anti-angiogenic therapies aim to inhibit angiogenesis in tumors.
Define: proliferation
The rapid increase in the number of cells, which can be a characteristic of cancer growth when cells divide uncontrollably. The study focused on the proliferation rates of cancer cells in response to treatment.
Define: invasion
The ability of cancer cells to infiltrate surrounding tissues, a key characteristic that distinguishes malignant tumors from benign ones. The pathology report confirmed invasion into the surrounding lymphatic tissue.
Define: tumor microenvironment
The surrounding cells, blood vessels, and extracellular matrix that interact with and influence tumor growth and behavior. Research is being conducted on how the tumor microenvironment affects cancer progression.
Define: carcinogenesis
The process by which normal cells are transformed into cancer cells, involving genetic changes and environmental factors. Understanding carcinogenesis is crucial for developing effective cancer prevention strategies.