OCR Biology A - 2.1.1 - Cell Structure Part 5
This deck covers key concepts in cell structure, focusing on components like centrioles, cilia, and the Golgi apparatus, as well as processes such as protein synthesis and cell stability.
Centrioles
Component of the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules
Key Terms
Centrioles
Component of the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules
Centrosome
Formed from two associated centrioles | Involved in the assembly and organisation of spindle fibres in cell division
Functions of flagella
Enable cells mobility | Used as sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in the cell's environment
Types of cilia
Mobile | Stationary
Stationary cilia
Present on surface of cells | Important functions in sensory organs
Mobile cilia
Beat in a rhythmic manner (creating current) --> cause movement of fluids/objects adjacent to cell
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Centrioles | Component of the cytoskeleton composed of microtubules |
Centrosome | Formed from two associated centrioles | Involved in the assembly and organisation of spindle fibres in cell division |
Functions of flagella | Enable cells mobility | Used as sensory organelle detecting chemical changes in the cell's environment |
Types of cilia | Mobile | Stationary |
Stationary cilia | Present on surface of cells | Important functions in sensory organs |
Mobile cilia | Beat in a rhythmic manner (creating current) --> cause movement of fluids/objects adjacent to cell |
Where is mobile cilia found | In the trachea | In the fallopian tubes |
Cisternae | Fluid filled cavities that form transport channels |
What is the smooth ER responsible for | Lipid and carbohydrate synthesis, transport and storage |
What is the rough ER responsible for | Synthesis and transport of proteins | It's an intracellular transport system |
Structure of Golgi apparatus | Stack of cisternae | Secretory vesicles bring materials to and fro |
Function of Golgi apparatus | Modifying proteins to make glycoproteins, lipoproteins or fold them into a 3D shape |
Structure of chloroplasts | Double membrane Thylakoids containing chlorophyll Stroma |
Granum | Each stack of thylakoids |
Why do chloroplasts have a double membrane | Protection |
Stroma | Fluid filled matrix in chloroplast |
Vacuole | Filled with water and solutes | Maintains cell's stability |
How do vacuoles maintain cells' stability | When the vacuole is full it pushes against the cell wall, making the cell turgid |
Where are ribosomes made | In the nucleolus, as 2 separate subunits, which pass through the nuclear envelope into the cell cytoplasm and then combine Some attach to the RER |
What is the plant cell wall made from | Bundles of cell fibres |
Function of plant cell walls | Provide strength and support Maintains cell's shape Contribute to the strength and support of whole plant Allow solutions (solute and solution) to pass through |
Preparing a microscope slide - dry mount | Used for hairs, flowers, pollen etc Sharp blade - individual cells are visible Cut a thin slice - so light can pass through Use tweezers to place your specimen onto your clean microscopic slide Place a cover slip on top - making sure to not get fingerprints on it |
Preparing a microscope slide - wet mount (prevents dehydration) | Use for liquid specimens e.g. blood smears and plant cells Pipette water onto your slide Add specimen to middle of slide using tweezers Carefully tilt cover slip next to water droplet - ensure no air bubbles, obstructs view of specimen Once slip is in position, add stain next to edge - will get drawn under slip across specimen |
Role of membranes within cells | Compartamentalisation | Attachment site for enzymes |
How does the cytoskeleton move organelles around | Shortening or lengthening microtubule | Motor proteins |
Negative staining | Dyes such as Congo red are negatively charged and repel other negatively charged substances e.g. cytosol so will stay out of the cell |
What is the cytoplasm made of | Cytosol - water, salts and organic molecules |