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OCR Biology A - 5.1.2 - Excretion Part 2
This deck covers key concepts related to excretion, focusing on protein metabolism, the nephron, and related processes in the liver and kidneys.
Protein metabolism in the liver
Protein synthesis of plasma proteins Deamination to form keto acid and NH2 Transamination to make new amino acids
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Key Terms
Term
Definition
Protein metabolism in the liver
Protein synthesis of plasma proteins Deamination to form keto acid and NH2 Transamination to make new amino acids
Fate of keto acids
Kreb’s cycle (respration)
Portal triads
Hepatic Artery Bile duct Hepatic Portal Vein
Bile canaliculi
Drains bile from hepatacytes to bile duct
Where does deamination occur
In hepatocytes
Keto acid
An acid with a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group
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| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
Protein metabolism in the liver | Protein synthesis of plasma proteins Deamination to form keto acid and NH2 Transamination to make new amino acids |
Fate of keto acids | Kreb’s cycle (respration) |
Portal triads | Hepatic Artery Bile duct Hepatic Portal Vein |
Bile canaliculi | Drains bile from hepatacytes to bile duct |
Where does deamination occur | In hepatocytes |
Keto acid | An acid with a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group |
Equation of deamination | Amino acid + oxygen ---> keto acid + ammonia |
Ornithine cycle | 2NH3 + ornithine + CO2 (from respiration) ---> H2O + urea (circulates in blood until filtered by kidney) |
Detoxification of alcohol | Alcohol is broken down by hepatocytes by alcohol dehydrogenase to make ethanal which is further dehydrogenated by ethanal dehydrogenase to make ethanoate NAD is needed to oxidise and breakdown fatty acids |
Uses of ethanoate | Build up fatty acids | Cellular respiration |
Pressures in the glomerulus | Hydrostatic pressure Oncotic pressure Capsular pressure |
Calculating net pressure in the nephron | Hp - (Op + Cp) |
Where does blood leave from the nephron | Efferent arteriole |
Whats in the glomerular filtrate | Glucose Amino acids Ions (sodium, potassim, etc) Urea Water |
Where does ultrafiltration occur | Bowman's Capsule |
Process of ultrafiltration | Blood flows through fenestrations in endothelium then basement membrane then podocytes (3 layers) Basement membrane consists of fine mesh of collagen fibres and glycoproteins, preventing proteins and rbc's leaving Podocytes have projecting fingers that wrap around capillaries Tiny slits are left between interlocked podocytes |
How does blood reach Bowman's capsule | Diameter of afferent arteriole > diameter of efferent arteriole Build up of hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus capillaries so blood is forced through slits of podocytes into Bowman's Capsule |
Components of nephron | Glomerulus Bowman's capsule Loop of Henle Proximal convoluted tubule Distal convoluted tubule Collecting duct |
Glomerulus | High hydrostatic pressure mass of capillaries that filters blood |
Function of proximal convoluted tubule | Selective reabsorption |