Back to AI Flashcard MakerAnatomy and Physiology /Pharm Y2S2 - Respiratory Part 1

Pharm Y2S2 - Respiratory Part 1

Anatomy and Physiology30 CardsCreated 2 months ago

This deck covers key concepts related to respiratory physiology and pathology, including lung volumes, lung function tests, respiratory diseases, and their treatments.

What is an average tidal volume?

500mL
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Key Terms

Term
Definition
What is an average tidal volume?
500mL
What is a normal vital capacity?
4.8L
What is the residual volume of the lungs?
1.2L
What is vital capacity?
Total volume of air possible to expire?
Define residual volume.
Volume of the lungs with no air
How do you work out total lung volume?
Vital capacity + residual volume

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TermDefinition
What is an average tidal volume?
500mL
What is a normal vital capacity?
4.8L
What is the residual volume of the lungs?
1.2L
What is vital capacity?
Total volume of air possible to expire?
Define residual volume.
Volume of the lungs with no air
How do you work out total lung volume?
Vital capacity + residual volume
How do you calculate minute ventilation?
Tidal volume x respiratory rate
How do you calculate alveolar ventilation?
(tidal volume - dead space) x respiratory rate
What is the normal volume of anatomic dead space in the lungs?
150mL
What is FVC?
Forced vital capacity, the maximum volume exhaled
What is FEV1?
Forced expiratory volume within 1 second, should be 80% of FVC
What findings in lung function tests are indicative of obstructive lung disease?
Reduced FEV1 due to increased resistance, less than 80% of FVC
What findings in lung function tests are indicative of restrictive lung disease?
FEV1 and FVC reduced but with FEV1 over 80% of FVC Vital capacity reduced due to lack of elasticity
What is lung compliance?
The ease with which lungs and thorax expand
What results in high compliance?
Old age, emphysema Small increase in TP, large increase in volume due to loss of elastic recoil
What results in low compliance?
Oedema, fibrosis, pneumonia Large increase in TP, small increase in volume due to increased collagen expression and inflammation
What is newborn respiratory distress syndrome?
Occurs in premature babies, type II cuboid cells are underdeveloped reducing surfactant secretion, causing alveolar collapse on expiration
What conditions can cause alveolar collapse on expiration?
Arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Due to reduced spinal cord/rib articulation
What is emphysema?
Degeneration of alveolar, bronchiole walls and capillaries due to proteolytic attack by leukocyte proteases, increasing alveolar dead space.
List the 4 main conducting airways.
Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Terminal bronchioles
List the 3 main respiratory airways.
Respiratory bronchioles Alveolar ducts Alveolar sacs
What is the opening of the larynx?
Glottis, covered by the epiglottis
What are the roles of the conducting airways?
Low resistance pathway for air flow Warms and moistens air to increase efficiency Defence against infection
What are the features of the respiratory tract that defend against infection?
Macrophages Cilia Mucus secretion and escalator Movement of chloride ions out of cells
What is cystic fibrosis?
Defective gene leading to cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (apical chloride channel) mutations Leading to mucus build up to to impact on fluid secretion
What features of the respiratory organs help to protect and prevent collapse?
Lungs surrounded by individual pleural sacs Inner side attached to lungs via connective tissue Outer side attached to diaphragm and thoracic wall
What is the thoracic wall made up of?
Spinal cord Ribs Intercostal muscles
What is pneumothorax?
Pleural sac broken due to puncture of chest wall allowing air to enter, lungs recoil and collapse
In which diseases can spontaneous pneumothorax occur?
Pneumonia | Emphysema
What is the treatment for minor pneumothorax?
X-ray monitoring Absorption of air Needle and chest tube insertion