Test Bank For Human Physiology: An Integrated Approach, 8th Edition

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ExamName___________________________________MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.1)Physiologyis the study ofA)the tissues and organs of the body at the microscopic level.B)the facial features as an indication of personality.C)the normal function of living organisms.D)growth and reproduction.E)the structure of the body.Answer:C2)The literal meaning of the termphysiologyis knowledge ofA)math.B)organs.C)nature.D)chemistry.E)science.Answer:C3)Because anatomy and physiology have different definitions, they are usually considered separately in studies ofthe body.A)TrueB)FalseAnswer:B4)The following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body.1. tissue2. cell3. organ4. molecule5. organism6. organ systemThe correct order from the smallest to the largest isA)6, 4, 5, 2, 3, 1.B)4, 2, 1, 6, 3, 5.C)2, 4, 1, 3, 6, 5.D)4, 2, 1, 3, 6, 5.E)4, 2, 3, 1, 6, 5.Answer:D5)"Glucose is transported from blood into cells because cells require glucose to meet their energy needs." This typeof explanation isA)teleological.B)scatological.C)mechanistic.D)theological.E)metalogical.Answer:A6)"Glucose is transported from blood into cells by transporters in response to insulin." This type of explanation isA)scatological.B)mechanistic.C)metalogical.D)theological.E)teleological.Answer:B7)Which is a buffer zone between the outside world and most of the cells of the body?A)red blood cellsB)extracellular fluidC)intracellular fluidD)cell membraneE)All of the answers are correct.Answer:B1

8)Which is one of Cannon's "internal secretions"?A)hormonesB)inorganic ionsC)nutrientsD)waterE)None of the answers are correct.Answer:A9)The study of body function in a disease state isA)microbiology.B)physiology.C)pathophysiology.D)necrology.E)histology.Answer:C10)Homeostasis is the ability of the body toA)prevent excessive blood loss.B)quickly restore changed conditions to normal.C)ignore external stimuli to remain in a state of rest.D)prevent the external environment from changing.E)prevent the internal environment from changing.Answer:B11)Oxytocin is a hormone released in response to cervical dilation. This causes more uterine contractions that willfurther dilate the cervix. Which type of feedback does oxytocin trigger?A)negative feedbackB)nociceptive feedbackC)local controlD)positive feedbackAnswer:D12)How genetics influences the body's response to drugs is calledA)pharmageddon.B)pharmacodynamics.C)pharmacogenomics.D)paleopharmacology.E)pharmacokinetics.Answer:C13)A physician basing clinical decisions on primary research published in biomedical literature is doing ________medicine.A)whimsicalB)traditionalC)holisticD)alternativeE)evidence-basedAnswer:E14)A study in which a participant act as an experimental subject in part of the experiment and a control in anotherpart of the experiment is called a ________ study.A)meta-analysisB)retrospectiveC)crossoverD)double-blindAnswer:C2

15)The Internet database for molecular, cellular, and physiological information is called the ________ Project.A)PhysiomeB)ManhattanC)PhysiosomeD)Human GenomeE)PhysiognomyAnswer:A16)A placebo isA)a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect.B)any drug in a class of drugs commonly used as pain relievers.C)a hole in a cavity wall through which an organ protrudes.D)any drug being tested in a clinical trial.E)a nutritive and respiratory organ in fetal development.Answer:A17)A technique used to resolve contradictory results in scientific studies isA)retrospective analysis.B)cross-sectional analysis.C)longitudinal analysis.D)meta-analysis.E)prospective analysis.Answer:D18)A scientifically logical guess is aA)law.B)hypothesis.C)theory.D)model.E)variable.Answer:B19)If a scientific model is supported or verified repeatedly by multiple investigators, it may become aA)variable.B)law.C)hypothesis.D)model.E)theory.Answer:E20)Place these terms in the typical sequence in the process of scientific inquiry: experimental data, theory, model,observation, hypothesis, replication.A)observation, replication, model, experimental data, hypothesis, theoryB)observation, hypothesis, experimental data, replication, model, theoryC)experimental data, theory, model, observation, hypothesis, replicationD)theory, observation, experimental data, hypothesis, replication, modelE)replication, hypothesis, experimental data, theory, model, observationAnswer:B21)You are interested in learning more about Parkinson's disease, a neurological disorder that mainly affects motorfunction. Which is the best source to begin your investigation?A)MedlinePlusB)Ask.comC)public libraryD)physiology textbookE)a physicianAnswer:A3

22)Which system(s) does NOTexchange material with the internal and external environments?A)circulatory systemB)respiratory systemC)digestive systemD)urinary systemE)All of the above.Answer:A23)The human environment is terrestrial, dry, and highly variable. However, our bodies expend enormousamounts of energy maintaining a constant internal environment. Studying why our bodies do this is what kindof approach?A)translationalB)mechanisticC)meterologicalD)anatomicalE)teleologicalAnswer:E24)Individuals with Type I diabetes mellitus do not make enough insulin. Which would be a mechanisticexplanation of how insulin is used by the body?A)Cells need insulin because glucose will not cross the cell membrane.B)Insulin binds to its receptor which stimulates the movement of glucose transporters to the cell membrane.C)Insulin is a hormone involved in glucose transport.D)Since all cells need glucose, insulin is required.E)Without insulin most cells in the body would be unable to produce enough ATP.Answer:B25)Excretion is a function of the body. Which would be considered excretion?A)Movement of glucose from the kidney to the bloodstream.B)Movement of potassium from kidney cells into one's urineC)Movement of oxygen from the lungs to the blood stream.D)Movement of sodium from the intestines to the bloodstream.E)Movement of salt from sweat glands to the surface of the skin.Answer:EESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.26)What is a nocebo effect?Answer:It is the phenomenon whereby a patient who has been informed of the side effects of a drug he or she istaking is more likely to experience some of the side effects than an otherwise similar patient receiving thesame drug who has not been so informed.27)List the key concepts or themes in physiology.Answer:See Table 1.1 in the chapter.4

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.28)Adaptive significance is an important concept in physiology because it describes theA)physiological functions that promote an organism's survival.B)importance of a highly variable external environment.C)ability of an organism to monitor and restore its internal state to normal conditions when necessary.D)parameters necessary to maintain a constant internal environment.E)similarities between ancient and modern marine organisms.Answer:A29)You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exercise affectheart rate. Which is/are an independent variable?A)sex of subjectsB)intensity of exerciseC)age of subjectsD)heart rateE)More than one answer is correct.Answer:B30)You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various intensities of exerciseinfluence heart rate. Which is/are a dependent variable?A)intensity of exerciseB)age of subjectsC)sex of subjectsD)heart rateE)More than one of the answers is correct.Answer:DESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.31)Why are physiology and anatomy frequently studied together?Answer:This is discussed in the "Physiology Is an Integrative Science" section of the chapter.MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.32)You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby.Which type of graph would be best to display this information?A)scatter plotB)bar graphC)line graphAnswer:BESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.33)You want to display data on the finish times of the 10 fastest race horses in a single race at the Kentucky Derby.What would the labels be for the graph axes?Answer:Thex-axis is horse name or number; they-axis is finish time in minutes.5

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.34)A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if thehorse's race finish time changes with experience. Which type of graph would be best to display thisinformation?A)line graphB)bar graphC)scatter plotAnswer:AESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.35)A horse runs 10 races, each a mile long, during a 6-month period, and you are interested in determining if thehorse's race finish time changes with experience. What would the labels be for the graph axes?Answer:Thex-axis is race number or date; they-axis is finish time in minutes.MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.36)There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They each follow the samephysical training regimen, but are given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. Theyall run the same race. Which type of graph would be best to explore a relationship between race finish time andvitamin dose?A)scatter plotB)line graphC)bar graphAnswer:AESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.37)There are 10 cloned horses, born on the same day, with identical chromosomes. They each follow the samephysical training regimen, but are given daily injections of different concentrations of a particular vitamin. Theyall run the same race. What are the labels for the graph axes?Answer:Thex-axis is vitamin dose; they-axis is finish time in minutes.38)What is the difference between a peer-reviewed article and a review article?Answer:A peer-reviewed article describes original research by one author (or group of authors working together)that has gone through a screening process in which a panel of qualified scientists evaluate the work. Areview article is a summary (usually a collection of published research that was previouslypeer-reviewed, usually from more than one independent lab) that discusses a particular topic in thefield.39)What is an example of the deconstructionist view of biology?Answer:The deconstructionist view of biology predicted that once we uncovered the sequence of the humangenome, the inner workings of the human body would be revealed. In reality, it is possible to knowHOW a gene codes for a particular protein without knowing WHY that protein exists. Our knowledge ofthe human genome is only a piece of the puzzle.40)Sahra has just flown around the world in the last 48 hours. She is having trouble sleeping, a condition known asinsomnia. How do you think Sahra's long flights and her insomnia are related to biological rhythms?Answer:Our sleep-wake cycle is a biological rhythm that lets our body know when it is time to rest. Most likelySahra has ignored the signals like sleepiness, changes in body temperature, and mood that her body issending. By ignoring these rhythms, she has disrupted the cycle and the body is struggling to maintainhomeostasis.6

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SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.41)Why do we need to label the axes of a graph?Answer:A graph with no axis labels is meaningless–without knowing what trend is being illustrated, there is nocommunication of scientific information.MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.42)You go outside on a very cold day and you start to shiver because you do not have on the proper clothing. Theact of shivering would represent what step in a response loop?A)setpointB)integrating centerC)sensorD)responseE)variableAnswer:DESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.43)Explain why the prefix homeo-is used in the termhomeostasis. Why do some physiologists prefer the termhomeodynamicsoverhomeostasis?Answer:The prefix homeo-, meaning like or similar, is used to indicate that the body's internal environment ismaintained within a range of acceptable values rather than a fixed state. Some physiologists argue thatthe termhomeodynamicsbetter reflects the small but constant changes that continuously take place in theinternal environment, as opposed tohomeostasis, which erroneously implies lack of change.44)Explain why animals are used in research. Are there any limitations to the application of animal data to humanphysiology? Could these limitations be addressed using cell or tissue culture, or computer simulations?Answer:(Note to instructor: This may be a good question to ask early in the semester, then again toward the end,after the organ systems have been covered.) There is a brief discussion of using humans or animals inresearch in the chapter. This question is intended to stimulate students to think about how science isdone, how data are generated, and how the process is challenged by social issues. Generally, there arelimitations to the usefulness of computer simulations and cell/tissue culture systems for the same reasonthat nonhuman animal data are not 100% applicable to human physiology. How human organ systemsperform may be different in very subtle ways from corresponding systems in other species. Cells inculture are in an artificial environment, and while much has been learned from such systems, it has alsobeen noted that the behavior of cells in culture is not identical to cells in a living body. Furthermore, cellscultured from established lines can change over time, becoming less like the original cells from whichthey were derived, and presumably less like normal cells. Computer simulations are valuable, but areonly as good as the data entered, and given that we don't know everything there is to know aboutphysiology, we can't write a perfect computer program. All three approaches are useful, but for differentreasons, and therefore one research system does not completely substitute for another, nor is itappropriate to abandon one entirely.45)You conduct an experiment on twenty 18-year-old male subjects to see how various levels of exercise influenceheart rate. Explain why only 18-year-old males were used as subjects.Answer:An important part of scientific inquiry is to remove sources of variation from among subjects. Bychoosing subjects of one gender in a particular age group, it is easier to determine that the dependentvariable (heart rate, in this case) depends ONLY on the independent variable, level of exercise. This alsoallows a study to have fewer participants, assuming that subjects were randomly assigned to a level ofexercise. If subjects were of random ages and genders, data would have to be collected from many moreindividuals.7

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46)Use these terms to develop a reflex loop:brain, sensory neuron, an eye, foot, soccer ball, motor neuronAnswer:Eye sees soccer ball.Sensory neuron sends visual information.Brain receives information and formulates a plan.Motor neuron sends action information from the brain.Foot and leg muscles contract, and the ball is kicked.47)Provide an example of a control system. Be sure to include the three main parts: an input signal, an integratingcenter, and an output signal.Answer:Variable. One example is blood glucose concentration. The input signal is a blood glucose concentrationoutside of the normal range, the controller is the pancreas, and the output signal is release of eitherinsulin or glucagon.48)Write a teleological explanation for why heart rate increases during exercise. Now write a mechanisticexplanation for the same phenomenon.Answer:Teleological: Heart rate increases because the increased activity of skeletal and cardiac muscles requiresincreased delivery of blood contents such as oxygen and glucose. Mechanistic: Heart rate increases inresponse to signals from the brain (pacemaker cells of the heart are stimulated by the nervous system).SHORT ANSWER. Write the word or phrase that best completes each statement or answers the question.49)What is a hypothesis? What are the steps involved in following the scientific method? How does one distinguishthe dependent variable from the independent variable in an experiment? How are each of these represented ona graph?Answer:This is discussed in "The Science of Physiology" section of the chapter and in Figure 1.15.ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.50)You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new treatment for hypertension. What ethical considerationswould you employ when monitoring your progress?Answer:Major considerations should involve assessing the efficacy of the treatment such that the control grouppatients are not deprived as well as ensuring that the experimental treatment is not less effective than thestandard treatments.51)You are designing a study to assess the effects of a new drug treatment for hypertension. Your subjects arewhite males, ages 40 to 60 years. Can your study results be applied to all people? Explain.Answer:Possibly, but not necessarily. There are gender differences in appropriate therapies because ofphysiological effects of higher testosterone in males compared to females, for example. Drugs are oftennot tested in children, and children also have a different hormonal environment than adults (again, sexhormones are a good example, because their levels are low until just before the onset of puberty). Thereare also racial differences in effectiveness of therapies, and while it is a contentious issue as to whetherthese represent genetic or socioeconomic influences, they should be considered.8

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52)High cholesterol levels have been shown to be a contribute to heart disease and death for many decades. In the1970s, scientists used this information to develop a hypothesis that giving a medicine to reduce bloodcholesterol levels could reduce the chances of developing cardiovascular disease or dying from cardiovasculardisease. They tested a group of people living in Framingham, Massachusetts. This study became known as theFramingham Study, and it is very well known because it did not support the hypothesis. Does this mean thathigh cholesterol is not a risk factor for heart disease? What does this demonstrate about the scientific process,especially as it relates to human studies? You can find a copy of the study online and read it, if necessary.Answer:This demonstrates the difficulty in doing human research because, even though elevated cholesterollevels are a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, reducing cholesterol levels without addressing thereason those levels were high in the first place may not have the expected effect on reducing heartdisease. Human testing on hypotheses is important because humans don't always respond to treatmentslike other animals do, they may actually respond quite differently and each person may responddifferently from the rest. It is why we need to test each hypothesis in circumstances as similar to theactual real group that would be treated.Use the table and graph below to answer the following questions.Table 1.1Figure 1.153)List all of the errors in Figure 1.1.Answer:1. The units of concentration are labeled as M when they should be mg.2. Thex-axis is in decreasing order of concentration.3. The graph needs a legend.9

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54)Why is a line graph to used to show the results of this study?Answer:Line graphs are commonly used when the independent variable (x-axis) is a continuous phenomenon. Inthis study the concentration of epinephrine is a continuous function. The line allows for interpolation(i.e., estimating values between the measured values).55)Use Table 1.1 to graph the data appropriately. What can you CONCLUDE based on the new figure?Answer:Graphs should address the errors in Figure 1.1.This small sample suggests that an increase in epinephrine concentration increases the average heart rate ofSprague-Dawleyrats.10

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Use the table and graph below to answer the following questions.Table 1.2Figure 1.256)Summarize the data shown in Figure 1.2.Answer:The systolic pressure of both genders increases with age. Under age 40, the systolic pressure of males ishigher than that of females. After age 40, the systolic pressure of females is higher than that of males. Thegreatest rate of increase is from ages 50 to 70 in both genders. Blood pressure declines after age 70.57)Referring to Table 1.2, what general trend in systolic blood pressures is seen as both males and females increasein age?Answer:The systolic pressure of both genders increases until age 70 but declines after age 70.58)Referring to Figure 1.2, at approximately what ages do males have higher systolic blood pressures than females?At what age does this trend reverse?Answer:From age 10 to 40, male pressures are higher; after age 40, female pressures are higher.11

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MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.59)The human body is best described as always being in a state of equilibrium such that all body compartments areidentical.A)TrueB)FalseAnswer:BESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.Following is a table of data collected from one section of an 8A.M.physiology lab. There were 20 students present, 10 malesand 10 females. Information collected included students' height, weight, age, sex, and resting pulse rate. In addition, thestudents were surveyed to see if they smoked cigarettes, considered themselves "regular exercisers," and if they hadconsumed caffeine or eaten the morning of the lab. A "y" or "n" (yes or no) was recorded to indicate their answers.Each student did "jumping jacks" for 5 minutes and recorded the time required to return to their resting heart rate, which is listed onthe table as "recovery time." Finally, each student's reaction time (in milliseconds) was measured by catching an object dropped by a lapartner according to specified criteria.Use this table to answer the following questions. Ignore statistical problems caused by small sample size, and so on.Table 1.312

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Figure 1.3For these questions, the data were separated and analyzed by gender.60)Refer to Table 1.3 and Figure 1.3A. Write a hypothesis regarding gender and weight.B. What is the dependent variable? What is the independent variable?C. Based on the data in the graph above, what is your conclusion?D. Why is a bar graph a good choice for presentation of these data? Would another type of chart be as effective?Answer:A. Males weigh more than females.B. Weight depends on gender; thus weight is dependent, gender is independent.C. Males weigh more than females.D. Bar graph allows comparison of the average of two groups. No.61)Refer to Table 1.3.A. Write a hypothesis regarding sex and recovery time.B. What is the dependent variable? What is the independent variable?C. Create a graph using the averages from the data table. Based on these data, what do you conclude?Answer:A. A prediction such as "Males recover from exercise more quickly than females" would be appropriate.B. The independent variable is sex; the dependent variable is recovery time.C. A bar graph such as the one below is appropriate. In this study, males recovered from exercise more quicklythan females.13

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62)Refer to Table 1.3.A. Write a hypothesis regarding the effects of breakfast consumption on reaction time.B. What is the dependent variable? What is the independent variable?Answer:A. A prediction such as "Eating breakfast prior to testing improves reaction time of subjects (compared tosubjects who did not eat breakfast)" is appropriate.B. The independent variable is breakfast consumption; the dependent variable is reaction time.63)Refer to Table 1.3.A. Ignoring the sex of the subjects, write a hypothesis that expresses the relationship between weight and height.B. What is the dependent variable? What is the independent variable?C. Construct a graph that examines relationship between weight and height.Answer:A. A prediction such as "As height increases, weight increases" would be appropriate.B. The dependent variable would be weight; the independent variable is height.C.64)Table 1.3 shows data on various factors that may or may not be related to resting pulse rate, time to recovery toresting pulse rate after a few minutes of exercise, and reaction time measured by how quickly a student couldpress a keyboard key after seeing a computer-generated prompt. For each question below, write a testablehypothesis, identify the dependent and independent variables, sketch an appropriate graph of the results, and draw aconclusion from the data presented in the table. Discuss your results.A. Does caffeine consumption have an effect on resting pulse rate?B. Does age play a role in resting pulse rate? Does weight?C. Is there a relationship between eating breakfast and recovery time?D. Is there a relationship between reaction time and height?E. Do females who smoke show differences in their resting pulse rates compared to female nonsmokers or to malesmokers and male nonsmokers?F. Does regular exercise have an effect on resting pulse rate?Answer:Answers will vary, but examples follow (conclusions written here are based on cursory examination of grapheddata–no statistical tests of significance were performed).A. Hypothesis: Caffeine consumption increases heart rate.Independent variable: caffeine consumption.Dependent variable: resting pulse rate.Conclusion: Mean pulse rates between caffeine-drinking (68 bpm) and control subjects (73 bpm) are similar14

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Answer:(large variation between individuals); hypothesis not supported.B. Hypothesis: Pulse rate is lower in older subjects and is higher in heavier subjects.Independent variables: age and weight.Dependent variables: resting pulse rate.Conclusion: Pulse rate was similar in all groups; hypothesis not supported.C. Hypothesis: Subjects who ate breakfast have a faster reaction time.Independent variable: breakfast consumption.Dependent variable: pulse rate.Conclusion: Subjects who ate breakfast had a faster reaction time (168.7 msec vs. 180.5 msec); hypothesissupported.D. Hypothesis: There is no relationship between height and reaction time.Independent variable: height.Dependent variable: reaction time.Conclusion: Reaction time did not vary with height; hypothesis supported.E. Hypothesis: Smokers of both sexes have a higher resting pulse rate than nonsmokers of either sex, and malesand females are affected equally.Independent variables: smoking and sex.Dependent variable: pulse rate.Conclusion: There was no difference in pulse rate in any of the groups (70.4 bpm in nonsmokers vs. 70.3 bpm insmokers); hypothesis not supported.F. Hypothesis: Subjects who exercise regularly have a lower resting pulse rate.Independent variable: exercise.Dependent variable: pulse rate.Conclusion: Regular exercise had no effect on resting pulse rate (68.9 bpm in nonexercisers vs. 71.8 bpm inexercisers); hypothesis not supported.Discussion may cover issues such as the effect of small sample size, use of adults of limited age range, lack ofcontrol over treatments (Were the subjects honest about age, eating breakfast, consuming caffeine,smoking, and exercising? Were the quantitative data of height and weight determined in the lab usingthe same equipment and same data collector?), the value of statistical analysis, and so on. It is likely thatstudents will be surprised by some of the results and could make erroneous conclusions. For example,pulse rate may vary with age, but without including children and senior citizens in the samplepopulation, this trend would be missed.MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.65)The law of mass balance statesA)if one is to survive they must have a certain amount of mass.B)that all substances in the body have equal mass.C)if a substance is to remain constant any gain must be offset by an equal loss.D)that homeostasis can be maintained when the load of a substance is continuously lost.E)that all matter is neither created or destroyed.Answer:C66)Mass balance involves determining the total amount of a substance in the body. We can determine mass flow ofthis substance by which formula?A)(concentration of a substance) / volume flowB)volume of flow / (amount of substance / min)C)intake+production-excretion-metabolism.D)(concentration of a substance)×(volume/min)E)(amount of substance / min)×(concentration of the substance)Answer:D15

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